Ex. 15-17 and 22 Use of English
127. private, privacy, privatize, privatization, in private, privately WF
128. silence is golden
129. to put up with sth
130. the hubbub of daily life
131. wilderness = a large area of land that has never been developed or used for growing crops because it is difficult to live there. E.g. The Antarctic is the world’s last great wilderness. DEF
132. to escape from (the noise of vehicles)
133. construction workers
134. to hammer away at sth = to work hard in order to finish or achieve sth; to keep repeating sth in order to get the result that you want.
135. lawn-mowers
136. hedge-trimmers
137. leaf-blowers
138. dish-washer
139. washing-machine
140. vacuum-cleaner
141. to add to the cacophony
142. man-made
143. to emit WF (emission, emitted etc)
144. the introduction of (e.g. solutions/laws) WF
145. local residents
146. to do/carry out research on sth
147. the bulk of the traffic sound
148. loud, loudly, loudness WF
149. complicate/complicated/complication etc WF
150. for good reason
151. acetic acid
152. toxic waste
153. to be injured/harmed/damaged etc
154. to sweep sth away = to get rid of sth completely
155. short-term (e.g. catastrophe)
156. catastrophe = disaster = holocaust
157. to predict = to foretell = to foresee
158. to detain sth = to prevent sth from doing sth
159. required standards
160. basin DEF. E.g. The Danube basin, the Thames basin
161. to be littered with sth
162. network of dams DEF
163. to stem (the waste)
164. to neutralize (the waste/pollution etc)
165. to give way PHR V E.g. A reservoir wall gave way at some plant…
166. to gush over PHR V.
167. to foul sth (e.g. waterways) = to pollute
168. to poison (the river)
169. in the making IDM
170. to reduce (e.g. the water’s PH level)
171. the water’s PH level
172. lax safety standards
173. to pose (huge/enormous) risks
174. to be extremely difficult
175. in comparison with sth
176. to take sth under (temporal) control
177. temporal VS permanent + WF
178. there were reasons to…
179. criminal negligence DEF
180. compensation to PREP + WF
181. the authorities’ oversight of sth
182. to implement laws/rules/regulations
Waste not
183. to generate rubbish
184. to run out of sth
185. from now on
186. to dump waste
187. to pass sth to sb = to give
188. to be environmentally better
189. to be environmentally friendly
190. to be environmentally conscious
191. to recycle DEF
192. to deal with sth
193. to be estimated at (25 million)
194. hazard, hazardous = risk, risky (hazard = risk, but hazard>risk)
195. to re-use, redistribute
196. to handle sth with care = to use sth carefully
Listening Waste Recycling (ex.32)
197. to cause problems
198. to be caused by sth
199. to introduce fines
200. heavy/light fines
201. to litter public places
202. to contribute to (keeping the cities clean)
203. to encourage people to do sth
204. to take measures
205. to bring on sth
206. to respect public places
207. to curb street littering
208. to inform sb about sth
209. financial motives behind sth
210. to assess the present-day environmental situation 40
211. recycling facilities
212. the controversial new measure to do sth (to limit the amount of litter)
213. to bring the issue to parliament
214. to propose sth (a 500 pound fine)
215. a rubbish bin DEF
216. to grossly overestimate sth (the consequences of sth)
217. but the truth is…
218. it really is a matter of sth/doing sth E.g. It really is a matter of making it very clear that there simply is no choice.
219. to be considerate of sth (E.g. to be considerate of our environment)
220. to suggest penalties
221. the penalties do not fit the crime
222. to have to do with = be connected with (E.g. These measures have to do with public cleanliness)
223. to convince sb (e.g. citizens) not to do sth (throw litter on streets)
224. to make sure that …
225. effective ways to…
226. to adopt a method
227. well-organized (about a campaign)
228. extensive (about a campaign)
229. this is a whole different story
230. to put sth at risk (e.g. lives)
231. to keep sth (the streets) clean
232. to be a life-or-death issue
233. to look upon sth as a life-or-death issue
234. the vast majority of people
235. irresponsible behaviour
236. I’m sorry to interrupt. Time flies COLLABORATION
Adapt or die (ex.26)
237. to concentrate on sth
238. to prevent climate change
239. to adapt to sth; adaptation; adaptable WF PREP
240. to subtract sth from sth
241. to change your mind. E.g I’ve changed my mind
242. efforts on
243. to be vulnerable to
244. a shift in sth (in the priorities)
245. to cope with (climate change)
246. to put out a fire
247. a desirable change WF
248. to change course
249. to set aside sth for sth = to save sth for sth. E.g. They set aside 20 million dollars for international adaptation efforts
250. to show willingness to
251. to put money into sth
252. to hammer out the details/compromise etc = to discuss until the decision is made
253. faster than expected
254. a think-tank = a group of experts
255. to avert dangerous consequences = to prevent
256. flood control
257. sophisticated public-health programmes
258. carbon footprints
259. to focus on sth; a focus on sth
260. a slew of = a number of
261. the amount of = quantity of
262. to guard against
263. an index=indices
264. to set up = to launch, to organize
265. to set up a global tax on carbon
266. tax; taxation WF
267. to advise on sth, doing sth
268. under a protocol
269. to sign accords
270. finance reductions
271. to be controlled by
272. exhortation to do sth = urge to do sth
273. to end up doing sth
274. a fight over sth; to fight over sth
275. to take precedence over sth
276. to go up (e.g. about sea levels)
277. to build sea walls
278. to rehouse people
279. infectious diseases
280. to rise (about the diseases)
281. to eradicate a problem = to get rid of it
282. to run a campaign/organization
283. philanthropic organizations
284. international arrangements
285. help do sth
286. to sort out sth (e.g. disputes)
287. to be shambles IDM
288. to be led by
289. to differ from
290. polluters; pollute; pollution; polluted
291. to participate effectively in climate-change tanks
292. an approach to
293. to depend on
294. to be excluded from
295. to the chagrin of sb (e.g of the poor)
296. former = ex (E.g. a former president, former Soviet Union)
297. under (international) law
298. to suffer the environmental costs
299. to alienate (rich countries)
300. in general vs in particular
301. to go on sth (about spending). E.g. most spending should go on the environmental issues
302. and so on and so forth
303. sth leaves plenty of room for disputes
304. to grow (about evidence)
305. disproportionately WF
306. the poorest of the poor
307. to see sth as sth (E.g to see global warming as a Western matter)
308. dry-land architecture DEF
309. tropical forests = jungle
310. subsistence fishing
311. water-bourne diseases
312. to produce weather patterns
313. erratic weather patterns
314. to loose out
315. to cut sth (emissions, spending)
316. to be rewarded with sth
317. to be a proper business
318. to encounter a host of problems
319. to begin with,…
320. to be a puff of smoke IDM
321. back-of-the envelope calculations IDM
322. to cope with (climate change)
323. to pledge to date
324. cumulatively WF + cumulating, cumulative
325. to allocate incomes
326. to fail to do sth = not to manage to do sth
327. aid = help
328. to fulfil promises
329. promises to do sth
330. for some reasons, for other reasons
331. a non-starter
332. to levy taxes
333. to use revenues for sth
334. global poverty-reduction
335. to impose a tax on sth
336. HIV, AIDS
337. to be HIV-positive/negative
338. to create adaptation funds
339. to auction rights
340. rights to do sth
341. cap-and-trade arrangements
342. as the scheme says
343. to make steps (towards sth)
344. to prevent damage from (climate change)
345. shore protection
346. beach nourishment
347. erosion, eroding (beaches, soils) WF
348. to worsen sth = to make worse (flooding)
What is Kyoto Protocol?
349. emissions trading DEF
350. to achieve targets (the targets haven’t been achieved)
351. to make difference
352. to back the treaty = to support VS pull out
353. alternatives = options = better variants
354. greenhouse gas = any of the gases thought to cause the greenhouse effect
355. the greenhouse effect = the problem of the gradual rise in temperatures of the Earth’s atmosphere caused by an increase of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, etc
356. to be considered sth/to be sth
357. to be responsible for sth
358. to have catastrophic consequences on sth
359. to be agreed (about a protocol)
360. to commit to do sth (to cut the emissions)
361. to cut/reduce emissions VS to increase emissions
362. to sign the protocol
363. to waver over sth = to doubt (E.g. Russia wavered over signing the protocol)
364. to become a legally binding treaty
365. to come into force (about a protocol, a law)
366. to fulfill conditions WF +fulfillment of the conditions
367. to be ratified by
368. industrialized countries
369. developed countries
370. developing countries
371. the deciding factor
372. to have political benefits
373. to stand to do sth, to stand for sth/doing sth
374. to join (the convention/the campaign)
375. to badly affect sth
376. to make a lot of money doing sth
377. to sell credits
378. to get under way
379. to collapse = to be ruined (about the economy)
380. the output of greenhouse gases
381. overall emissions
382. a sharp increase/decrease in sth
383. an 8% rise/fall in sth
384. to meet the target
385. to reduce, reduction
386. to make progress
387. to implement a law/a protocol
388. fatally flawed
389. voluntary action/work
390. to fall into a category of..
391. to set the targets/aims etc
392. the consensus among sb/sth (e.g. industrialized countries)
393. to lead to sth (criticisms)
394. to be toothless (about the agreement)
395. to be virtually obsolete
396. to set out a framework for future negotiations
397. to take time/another decade etc to do sth (rebuild) - десятилетие
398. to acknowledge SP (about the agreement)
399. to contribute to sth (climate change)
400. mitigation programmes/campaigns
401. allowances of greenhouse gas emissions
402. tree planting
403. soil conservation
404. to boost the environment’s capacity to do sth (to absorb carbon)
405. to be based on sth
406. to gain increasing support (about an approach/method)
407. an equal quota of sth