Экзаменационный билет № 18

  1. Логистика и финансы
  2. Логистика в военной сфере и логистика в области экономики: что общего и в чем отличие?
  3. Особенности доставки товара в международном сообщении

1.Logistics and finance.

Activities for management of material streams at the enterprise are, as a rule, interfaced to heavy expenses. Respectively activity of service of logistics is closely connected with activity of service of finance. For example, defining optimum volumes of stocks, logistics service, naturally, will proceed not only from economic calculations, but also from real financial opportunities of the enterprise. Joint decisions of services of logistics and finance are accepted also when purchasing the equipment for ensuring logistic processes. Control and management transport, and also warehouse expenses is in common exercised.

2.The term "logistics" known until recently to only narrow circle of experts, gains today a wide circulation. The main reason for this phenomenon is that the concept started being used in economy.

Historically the logistics developed as military discipline. Here the term is known with the IX century AD (Byzantium), designating generally accurate, harmonious work of the back on providing armies with all necessary, i.e. work which is to significant components of fighting success.

Talented military leaders always understood, what key role in a victory is played appeared in due time and in the right place by ammunition, fuel, the food, regimentals. In the history of mankind the whole wars were won or lost depending on the organization of supply of armies. For example, defeat of British in war for independence in North America substantially explain with imperfection of providing English armies. In the middle of war as a part of the British army 12 000 groups which had to receive from England not only ammunition, but also the food operated on the American continent. Within the first six years of war the organization of these vital deliveries was absolutely inadequate to requirements of armies that negatively influenced nature of military operations and a morale of soldiers. Accurate providing armies was adjusted only in 1781 that appeared too late.

Priority significance was attached to questions of logistics in Napoleon's army. In Russia in the middle of the last century, according to "A military encyclopedic lexicon", published in St. Petersburg in 1850, the logistics was understood as a management skill by movement of armies, as in the distance, and near the enemy, the organization of their logistic support. At a turn of century the term "logistics" in Russia of broad application had no: "... the word "logistics" in the latest military compositions more doesn't meet and can be considered finally obsolete" (Brockhaus and Efron's encyclopedic dictionary. St. Petersburg, 1896). Nevertheless, the science and practice of management by material streams in military area continued and continues to develop. It is explained by high dependence of efficiency of operations on harmonious, fast, exact and economic providing armies with all necessary. "Without the most careful, based on exact mathematical calculations, the back organization, without adjustment of healthy nutrition of the front by all by that is necessary for it for conducting military operations, without the most exact accounting of the transportations providing rear supply no a little correct, reasonable conducting big military operations" is impossible — M.V.Frunze's these words are quoted by other outstanding domestic commander — G.K.Zhukov.

Logistic approach was widely applied in time. World War II, especially American army. The big English-Russian dictionary and translates today the word

"Logistics" as: soldier. :

1) back and supply;

2) material technical providing;

3) organization and implementation of work of the back.

Other direction of development of logistics — economic. Here the logistics is understood as the scientific and practical direction of managing consisting in effective management of material and related information and financial streams in spheres of production and the address. The beginning of wide use of logistics in economy is necessary on 60 - the 70th and is connected with achievements in the field of communication technologies. Appeared possibility of through monitoring of all stages of movement of raw materials, details and finished goods allowed to see accurately the huge losses allowed in traditional schemes of management of material streams. The obvious economic prize received from use of logistics in economy, I promoted orientation of partners to cooperation in the field of advance of goods.

 

3.Any participant of foreign economic activity knows that, being engaged in international trade, it is necessary to resort to various options of delivery of goods to the destination. Thus very often there is a need to combine some means of transport for route optimization. For example, if to take the option of delivery of goods most popular now from China, it awaking to look as follows. From factory where the goods were made, freight automobile or by rail is delivered to the port terminal to the coast. Then by sea in ship hold to any European port (Hamburg, Rotterdam or another), from where it gets to the terminal of the Baltic port (for example, feeding vessels to the port of Kotka). And then directly to the destination goods again carry in the car or by rail. Such route when transporting the Chinese goods is considered today the most optimum.

Тhe international norms of delivery of freights, it is necessary to specify that any uniform international legal base for forwarding activity as that simply is absent. Therefore at transportation of goods in the interstate message, participants of foreign economic activity usually are guided by the national legislation which is reflected in one way or another in the delivery contract. Besides, international transport is regulated by standards of contracts depending on means of transport of freights participating in delivery as the international transport conventions are quite various as in character and to the contents, and on the volume of the norms included in them.