Anthimeria -the use of a word in which one part of speech is exchanged for another—say a noun for a verb
The pattern of text interpretation
1. General overview of the text’s contents (brief and concise outline of primary information) – “The text / extract under analysis runs about / deals with...”
2. The text’s composition.
3. TYPE of narration – 1) emotive prose 2) poetic diction 3) scientific discourse 4) meta – text
4. Source of narration – 1) author’s narrative 2) entrusted narrative 3) interior speech 4) represented speech 5) dialogue 6) a mixture of 1) – 5)
5. Narrative compositional forms used in the text – 1) description 2) argumentation 3) meditation 4) narrative proper
6. Expressive peculiarities of the text’s vocabulary and grammar: neutral , colloquial, bookish words, jargon / professional words / argot / taboo words, phrases, syntactic structures
7. Stylistic devices that provide the foregrounding of the text’s basic concepts:
1) phonetical: alliteration, assonance, euphony, onomatopoeia, rhythm
2) lexical: see specific use of bookish words, vulgarisms, archaic words, poetic words, neologisms, dialect words, terms, slang etc. Special emphasis should be laid onto the use of metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, play on words, irony, hyperbole, understatement, oxymoron, epithets.
3) syntactical: simplicity / complexity of sentence structures, special devices: repetition – anaphora, epiphora, framing, anadiplosis, chain repetition, successive repetition; parallel constructions, inversion, suspense, detachment, ellipsis, apokoinu constructions, break
4) lexico-syntactical: - antithesis, climax, anticlimax, simile, litote, periphrasis
8. The message of the text.
9. Peculiarities of the author’s style
STYLISTIC DEVICES
Phonetic devices
A11iteration - deliberate reproduction of the same or similar consonants in close succession to achieve a certain acoustic effect. No longer mourn for me when I am. dead // Then you shall hear the surly sullen bell /Shakespeare/.
Assonance - deliberate repetition of similar or the same vowel a in close succession to achieve acoustic effect. Tenderly bury the tender young dead... /la Costa/.
Onomatopoeia- deliberate use of words or word combinations whose sounds produce an imitation of a natural sound. And toe silken sad uncertain - Rustling of each purple curtain...
Lexical devices
Archaic words - words which are not in the current use but understood by the speaking community. I saw thee weep...
Barbarisms - words borrowed from foreign languages and not assimilated in English. “Hasta la vista, baby...”
Bookish or learned words - words of high-flown stylistic colouring used usually in official or high-flown style. Compare: a great crowd came to see - a vast concourse was assembled to witness; great fire - disastrous conflagration
Colloquial words - words used in private, unofficial type of communication but not violating the received standard. "I have nothing against him - he's quite a nice chap and that sort of thing”
Dialect words- words characteristic of some local or social dialect. They have stylistic value only when used out of their special sphere of application
“I believe it’s not moonshine in your glass, is it?”
Historical words -words used to designate objects and phenomena peculiar to some past epoch. The claymore glimmered wickedly in O’Connor’s hands.
"I will without fail my Liege" - answered the jester.. (W. Scott).
Jargonisms social or cantish words – words and word combinations used by particular social groups to conceal their true meaning, to prevent other people from understanding. They were cooked for about two hours yet none of them unbuttoned.
Jargonisms professional- words and word combinations used by professional groups to indicate objects and notions characteristic of the given profession.
That walkie-talkie of yours is sure to vex a saint, Sarge. We’re in position. Roger. Wait till your modem handshakes with the server.
Neologisms stylistical - words or word combinations created by the author in accordance with the existing models of wordbuilding.
Slang words- words of highly colloquial character whose expressiveness, novelty and certain coarseness make them emphatic and emotional compared to their neutral synonyms. Jus’ gimme that dead soldier – I’m gonna crack his ugly head with it...
Terms- words or word combinations used to express special notions, objects, phenomena, etc. characteristic of some branch of science. Terms have stylistic value only when used out of their specific sphere ofapplication.
He’s a protein child. Jerry is a kind of species that cannot find a stable habitat.
Vu1garisms - words and word combinations denoting the notions which are taboo in a given speech community or words and word combinations with a strong emotive colouring of coarseness or rudeness. I don’t give a damn of what these bastards think of me – I’m gonna do what I please... Taboo words - words and word combinations of low colloquial style considered improper in most contexts and communities. So what of Noodles – he was OK? – Nope. Fucked up as usual.
Allegory – expression of an abstract idea through some specific image. All is not gold that glitters. Still waters run deep.
Antonomasia -usage of a proper name for a common noun, or the usage of a common noun as a proper name.
So you did sign up for Dr. Evans. Shouldn’t have. A Freddie Krueger like him won’t do you any good.
TROPES
A trope (from the Greek word tropein, "to turn") concerns a shift in meaning from the ordinary use of a word.
Metaphor and Simile. In both, two unlike things are said to be alike. In a metaphor the comparison is implied; in a simile, it's explicit. The words like or as signal a simile.
Metaphor- transfer of a name from one object to another based on the supposed likeness of some features of the two. The sentensed fish went to the oven.
No matter how lovingly a person or doctor rapped at the door to Eddie's mind, Eddie refused to say "come in." (Grace Paley, "In Time Which Made a Monkey of Us All," The Little Disturbances of Man)
Simile - comparison of two objects belonging to different spheres bat presented as having some feature in common. - The menu was rather less than a panorama, indeed, it was as repetitious as a snore. (E.O'Neil).
She is as tall blue lilacs are. (Leonard Meyer, Music the Arts and Ideas}
Metonymy- transfer of a name from one object or person to another due to some relations of the two. The grey cloak was faster and deadlier of the three shadows.
Synecdoche - type of metonymy in which a part represents the whole or the whole represents the part.
Hey you, red nose, fetch yourself over here.
"He's in trouble with the law." "They have no bread for their table." "If we can find some wheels, we can meet you Saturday night."
Metaphorical epithet- epithet based on a metaphor and expressed usually by an "of"-phrase. - B.g. A ghost of a smile appeared on Soame’s lips. (Galsworthy).
Oxymoron -presentation of two contrasting ideas expressed by words syntactically dependent upon each other within one syntagma.It’s like a paradox in that both figures reveal sursine truths through contradiction. Unlike a paradox that involves an entire statement an oxymoron involves only two words placed side by side. – The deafening silence drove her crazy..."a terrible beauty is born.", "military intelligence" Cowards die many times before their deaths. (William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, act 2, scene 2)
Personification- ascribing to a phenomenon, or an idea qualities, feelings and thoughts of a living being. – The sword sang its song of death.
No one, not even the rain, has such small hands.
Syllepsis - the use of one verb that is understood differently in relation to two or more objects.
He took the money and his time returning it. Give me liberty or give me death. (Patrick Henry)
Anthimeria -the use of a word in which one part of speech is exchanged for another—say a noun for a verb.
Let be be finale of seem. (Wallace Stevens) "He slimed me," Bill Murray cried after his encounter with the protoplasmic ghost. (Ghostbusters) "How does this loss impact on your daily life?"
Periphrasis - the substitution of one or more descriptive words for a proper name, or the substitution of a proper name for obvious associations with the name.
I expect Brick-head to deliver the cash soon. He had a Uriah Heep attitude toward his superiors.
Litotes - use of understatement to intensify an idea. It usually involves denying the contrary. She is not completely hopeless.
Epithet - word or word combination used attributively to provide expressive rather than logical description of the referent object. The Iron hate in Soul pushed bin on again. (H.Wilson).
Euphemism-a variety of periphrasis which substltutes an expression which seems to be rude or unpleasant for one more mild and delicate. I had to borrow his Chevy truck to get to the rancho...
Hyperbole -a deliberate overstatement. – A skyscraper-type gorilla blocked my way to the office...
Irony - opposition of the meaning expressed and the meaning meant when the meaning expressed substitutes the meaning meant. She turned with the sweet smile, of an alligator. (J. Steinbeck).