Defining / Non-Defining Relative clauses
KEYS
UNIT I
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
IV.
1) Recently I’ve watched a very interesting programme on TV about the houses that are out of the ordinary. It seems that these days more and more people want to stand out from the crowd building extraordinary dwellings, for example, real castles with a drawbridge, a keep and a moat; huts on stilts, luxury/deluxe houses in the tree tops, rock or underground houses. There’s no accounting for some people’s taste.
2) Our large family has become short of space, so we have decided to build an extension to our house. Our kitchen is very cramped, that’s why the extension should be practical, comfortable and spacious / airy. It has a balcony running around two sides and there are wooden stairs from the garden up to the house. We are so happy with our new kitchen that we want to convince our friends of the benefits of such a solution.
3) John has never wanted to live in an ordinary house. When he saw an underground water tank, he couldn’t resist converting it into a unique and secure dwelling. It is very warm and cosy in his house in harsh winters because there are no draughts. Fuel bills are very low so the house is economical to maintain. Its only disadvantage is that it might not be suitable for people who suffer from claustrophobia.
4) Martin and Anna’s house with its thatched roof, stone walls, chimney and other features of a traditional country cottage looks as an ancient monument though in fact the building is brand new with all the luxuries you would expect from a house that costs/cost about half a million dollars. Building the house from scratch was hard work but now Martin and Anna have the perfect place to live.
5) If living in ordinary settings doesn’t appeal to you, how about adding some attractive features to your home? For example, a friend of mine has put a sculpture of a shark by a local artist in front of the house. At first, the neighbours complained that the sculpture might spoil the look of the neighbourhood but then they got used to it. This shark has become a well-known and popular landmark.
V.
1) Is it true that Ann’s family has moved in/into a new house? – Yes, they have bought a superb two-storey brick detached house with a tiled roof. It’s a three-bedroom(ed) house with a dining room, a modern fitted kitchen, a spacious / airy living room / lounge overlooking the garden and a huge balcony running around two sides. Moreover, the dining room and the kitchen are separated by a sliding glass door. The house also has an extension – a garage for two cars and a big attic. Besides, there is a driveway leading to the house, a front garden with climbing roses and a rear patio – a wonderful place for rest where one can relax: to have a cup of tea or to read a book. – It sounds attractive! Is the house cold? – No, they have had double glazing and air conditioning put in/installed, that’s why now it is very warm – there are no draughts. – Have they got a swimming pool? – Not yet, but they are going to build it in the future. – Is it a brand new house? – No, it’s pretty old. – Did they have to do a lot of fixing up/repairing? – In fact they didn’t. The house is well maintained. – It must be very expensive! – Yes, but you know Ann does her best to stand out from the crowd. – Is the house centrally located? – No, it’s in the suburbs, that’s why Ann has to commute to work every day. – How long does it take her to get to work?/How long does her journey to work last? – An hour and a half.
2) – Have you seen Kate’s new flat yet? – Not yet. When did she move in? – Last month, she has already been living there for two weeks. – Did you like the flat? – Oh, yes! It’s superb! It’s a spacious/airy flat which has a luxurious lounge / living room with a fireplace, a cosy bedroom, a fully equipped kitchen, and a big entrance hall with built-in wardrobes. – Is there any furniture? – Yes, it’s fully furnished. Besides, the flat has central heating and a security system. There is also private parking near the block of flats. Did Kate buy the flat? – No, she is renting / rents it. – Is it expensive? How much does she pay a/per month? – Her monthly rent is 500 pounds, including heating and lighting/fuel and electricity bills. – It’s not cheap, but the rent is quite reasonable. Is the flat in the centre of London? – Yes, close to shops. – Is it far from the tube station? – No, it’s only a five-minute walk/five minutes’ walk.
VI.
1) I can’t find my hairdryer. Have you seen it? – Yes, I have. It’s on the washing machine in the bathroom.
2) – Have you got a dishwasher? – Not yet. – Oh, it’s so convenient! – I know but they are pretty expensive. We are going to buy a second hand dishwasher in a couple of months. But now we have to wash the dishes / do the washing up ourselves.
3) –What has happened? – The vacuum cleaner isn’t working. – I’m afraid you have forgotten to plug it in. – Oh, yes! Of course, I’ve forgotten to turn it on/switch it on.
4) – Why do you vacuum the carpets so often? – The thing is/the matter is that I’ve got an allergy to dust.
5) – Who mops the floor in your flat? – I do. – And who dusts the furniture and makes the beds? – My sister does.
6) – What are you doing? – I’m ironing. – Look! There’s smoke! You are going to burn the shirt! – Don’t worry! I have already lowered the temperature.
7) – Why is it so noisy? – Bob is mowing the lawn. –Great! Does he often do it? – Almost every week. The grass grows fast!
VII.
a) 1 – cheerful; 2 – generous; 3 – adventurous, 4 – shy; 5 – talkative; 6 – conservative; 7 – reliable; 8 – confident; 9 – creative; 10 – active, 11 – impatient; 12 – refreshed; 13 – withdrawn; 14 – calm; 15 – competitive; 16 – depressed; 17 – relaxed; 18 – romantic; 19 – peaceful; 20 – stressed.
b) Romantic relationship(s), (a) peaceful atmosphere, a talkative neighbour, a reliable source of information, a generous person, a conservative taste, a shy look, a competitive price, an impatient answer, a creative approach, an adventurous trip / journey, a cheerful mood, a calm voice, a confident answer, a refreshed face.
X.
1) I don’t approve of this student’s attitude to the studies. He is often absent from classes.
2) She never travels by plane because she suffers from a fear of heights.
3) We need to agree on the price of the house in the countryside.
4) For the last two weeks he has been busy with the building an extraordinary extension to the house for his dogs that have become short of space in the patio.
5) I don’t believe in the benefits of the new method myself, so I won’t be able to convince my boss of them.
6) This colour doesn’t appeal to me, I can’t become accustomed to it. To my mind, it’s not suitable for the kitchen.
7) She has applied to the university for the World Economics and International Affairs Faculty.
8) You should apologize to her for accusing having accused her of lying. She didn’t expect such behaviour from you.
XIV.
1) His sons were brought up to be able to cope with problems and only rely on themselves.
2) A fire broke out in the loft of our block the other day. Fortunately, the firefighters arrived immediately and quickly put the fire out, so none of the tenants was /were harmed.
3) Although the office building was guarded, somebody broke in last night and stole a computer from one of the offices.
4) They say a new model of a pocket translator has been brought out, but it’s not on sale yet.
5) They are such good friends that nothing in the world seems to be able to break off their friendship.
6) The ruins of the old house on the edge of the village brought back memories of the violent crime committed here several years ago.
7) The washing machine seems to have broken down again. We have to have it repaired.
8) When does your school break up for the holidays? (or: When do the students of your school break up for the holidays?) – In two weeks’ time.
XVI.
1) Do you often see your relatives? – Unfortunately, no, I don’t. We get together once in a blue moon.
2) Have you seen my exercise-book? – No, I haven’t. Why? – I can’t find it anywhere. It seems to have vanished into thin air.
3) What has happened to Jack? – He has got into a car accident. – Is he seriously injured? – His leg is broken and he is black and blue all over.
4) Anna is fond of gardening. There are so many beautiful flowers in her garden! She definitely has green fingers.
5) We’ll have to drive a hard bargain as we’ve decided to buy a flat in this neighbourhood. I hope, the seller will play ball/won’t refuse to play ball.
6) Don’t be angry with Helen, she didn’t mean any harm, she’s just a bit green.
7) What can’t you understand? Everything is written in black and white here.
8) In some situations a little white lie may help you.
9) After the quarrel both friends did their best to clear the air.
10) He is determined to sign the contract. He won’t take no for an answer.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I.
1) have been working; 2) wash; 3) is studying; 4) have you sent, am going; 5) have eaten; 6) have been playing; 7) looks; 8) arrives; 9) is singing; 10) have broken; 11) are becoming; 12) live, have heard; 13) have been reading, have not finished; 14) am leaving, does….start; 15) have been washing/have washed; 16) add, mix; 17) has used/has been using; 18) is always doing; 19) have lived/have been living; 20) have you made, am going; 21) has taught/has been teaching; 22) have already bought; 23) are constantly meeting; 24) are losing; 25) have just received, are getting married.
III.
1) My mother looks very young and she feels young.
2) Tom entered the kitchen and said: ‘Mm… (It) smells delicious!’ ‘I have already tasted the soup, it really tastes good’, said Angela.
3) Mike was / felt so awkward that I felt sorry for him. He always feels shy in the presence of people he doesn’t know.
4) Anna looks very pale. I think she is unwell, she should see a doctor.
5) After her husband’s death Mary felt stressed and depressed.
6) Your remark sounded pretty rude. Please, try to be polite, will you / won’t you?
7) – How do you feel as a student? – I feel great/excellent/perfect/wonderful!
IV.
1) Are you smelling, smells; 2) are you tasting, it tastes; 3) feel; 4) am seeing, see; 5) does….weigh, is weighing; 6) am thinking, think; 7) are you looking, looks; 8) enjoy, am enjoying; 9) are you feeling, feels; 10) is appearing, appears; 11) is, is being; 12) is fitting, does it fit.
V.
1) James has been working/has worked here for more than a year.
2) The bookshop is over there near the bakery.
3) I believe what she says.
4) She has been living in London for the last two years.
5) We haven’t been to that restaurant for a long time.
6) Laura is visiting her grandparents at the weekend.
7) Sally has already found a beautiful new flat.
8) What are you doing tomorrow night?
UNIT II
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
III.
1) Starting school is one of the first stressful life events. Children feel excited and scared before meeting their first teacher who can greatly influence their life. For adults stressful life events are related to their work/jobs and family life. Changing jobs or having trouble at work people worry that they will run out of money, they won’t be able to survive financially and support their families. Marriage, divorce, bringing up children, moving house, retirement which means changing life style – our life seems to consist of stressful events!
2) Because of a childhood illness Jane lost her hearing and consequently the ability to speak. At the age of five her parents sent her to a school for deaf mutes. Experts in the fields of speech and sounds who worked there had created a form of sign language called “visible speech”. Jane was determined, persistent and hardworking and her teachers were patient. They did not give up and achieved amazing results. Jane achieved her goal and learnt to speak. Later she even opened her own school to help people with speech problems.
3) Louis Braille invented a system of reading and writing for blind people. In 1819 Charles Barbier, a French soldier, created a form of writing letters with the help of raised dots called “night writing”. Braille immediately realized the importance of this amazing invention and started to develop this idea. He was totally absorbed in his work and spent a lot of time and energy on his invention. In 1852 Louis Braille died of the white plague which used to be a fatal disease spread through Europe. He never learnt that his system came into usage all over the world.
4) John Baird, a Scottish engineer, is one of the pioneers in the field of television. Many people thought that his plan to invent an image transmitter was a waste of time. However, John did not give up his dream. He spent all his free time in the workshop and carried on with/continued with his experiments. In 1925 when John Baird transmitted the first picture through his device he realized that he had achieved his goal and his dream had come true.
5) In 1873 Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis registered a new model of trousers for miners and prospector with the patent office. The trousers were registered as “waist overalls” and the name “jeans” came much later, in the 1930s.
V.
1) Peter is a firefighter. He is in his late twenties. He is a handsome / good-looking young man. He is tall, slim and broad-shouldered. He has got wavy fair hair, bushy/thick eyebrows and blue eyes. He has a lean face, a straight nose and a pointed chin.
2) Lee is a middle-aged woman, she is in her early forties. She is short and plump. She has long straight dark hair and slanting brown / hazel eyes. She has a round face, high cheekbones and a button/snub/up-turned nose. Lee has got full lips and a friendly smile.
3) Mike is in his mid seventies. He is tall and stout. He has a wrinkled face, a wide forehead, grey eyes, a big nose and a dimpled chin. Mike has grey hair and he is going bald.
4) Nick is in his teens. He is short, thin with spiky hair. He has big green eyes and dimpled cheeks when he is smiling. Now he has uneven / crooked teeth, that is why he will have to wear braces. In the future he is dreaming of becoming a footballer.
5) Mary is a pretty/beautiful young girl in her early twenties. She works as a check out clerk in a supermarket. She is well-built. She has straight brown hair, big almond-shaped blue eyes, long thick / bushy eyelashes, and thin arched black eyebrows.
6) Tom is in his late forties, he is a carpenter. He is of medium height and muscular build. Tom has a dark complexion. He has frizzy hair, a square jaw, sideburns, a beard and a moustache.
7) Anna is a teacher of Russian. She is a young woman in her early thirties. She has an oval freckled face, cropped chestnut / chestnut-coloured hair, big grey eyes, upturned nose and a wide / big mouth. Anna has a charming smile. Every time she smiles, one can see her white even teeth.
8) Little Daisy is 12 months. She is a toddler and looks really funny. Daisy is a plump girl with a round face, rosy cheeks and curly red hair.
VI.
in, to, from, of, to;
up to;
to;
of, for;
to;
to, at, of, in, for;
about, of, in, of;
to, at, of;
up to / till, at, about;
at;
at, of, of, to.
VII.
1. nervous; 2. furious; 3. delighted; 4. easy-going; 5. terrified; 6. eager; 7. pathetic.
X.
1) Yesterday I talked to Ann. She looked depressed because the day before she had been dismissed from her job. Ann complained about her boss who had said that she did not concentrate on the tasks, was not capable of making independent decisions and one could not depend on / rely on her. Ann does not understand her boss and does not know how to cope with the situation because in fact she is very dedicated to her work, is involved in a number of projects and is an expert in the field.
2) Like a child, he is curious about everything new and spends a lot on gadgets though his family consider it a waste of the family budget.
3) When we moved to a new residential area, at first we complained about the underdeveloped infrastructure. But soon we got used to doing the shopping at a supermarket not far from the underground station.
XIV.
1) He came across a very interesting book on martial arts while he was browsing in the local bookshop.
2) I didn’t intend to buy so many Christmas presents, but once I started, I just got carried away.
3) Why don’t you come round to see us one evening? We could play a game of chess or listen to music. We’ve got a fine CD collection.
4) It was rather a daring attempt but he carried it off.
5) Sarah must have come down with (the) flu. She’s running a temperature and aching all over.
6) I hope you’ll carry on with the project while I’m away on a business trip. (or: I hope you’ll carry on working on the project ... .)
7) After his father’s death Alex came into most of his fortune.
8) The scientists suggested carrying out an additional series of tests on animals, which provoked a public outcry.
9) My son was very happy when the next Harry Potter book came out.
10) My younger sister’s a very creative person. She’s always coming up with some interesting ideas and unexpected solutions.
XVI.
1) I am looking forward to the beginning of the competition. I’m as keen as mustard.
2) Although Nick and Peter are brothers, they are as different as chalk and cheese. Nick is absorbed in studying French poetry and often has his head in the clouds while Peter is as tough as old boots. His promotion is on the cards.
3) Don’t worry, I’ll look after your children. They are as good as gold.
4) When we entered the house it was empty. It was as quiet as the grave in there.
5) It was just a joke but Tom got hot under the collar.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I.
1) Was singing; 2) had been teaching; 3) wanted; 4) had been walking; 5) had sold; 6) had won; 7) was raining; 8) opened; 9) had got; 10) slipped; 11) had already bought; 12) had broken; 13) stayed; 14) sang; 15) opened; 16) were standing; 17) invented; 18) was washing; 19) were you doing; 20) did.
II.
1) had been jogging; 2) had been going out, decided; 3) was listening to, was doing; 4) didn’t they visit, were staying; 5) had been waiting, had got/got; 6) had been walking, realized, had got; 7) had been lecturing; 8) were, had been standing; 9) knew, had been crying, were; 10) had not seen, moved; 11) came, said, had swallowed; 12) put, took, forgot/had forgotten, had put; 13) thought, left, was, arrived, learnt, had left, found, had used/had been using; 14) was putting, rang; 15) was blowing, was pouring down, was standing, was driving, offered; 16) gave, thanked, said, had enjoyed, knew, had not read, were; 17) was trying, were saying, were, were speaking; 18) was, was, sat, circled, was raining, had been raining; 19) turned, lay, took, had been reading; 20) looked, went, saw, got up, was, wondered, had been staying, had gone, had come.
III.
1) bought, have not sold; 2) met, said, didn’t see, did you miss, didn’t miss, replied, haven’t missed, gave; 3) bought, asked; told, have waited/have been waiting, hasn’t come; 4) have you been, went, did you like, didn’t see, was; 5) have you seen, rang, got, has been, flew, decided; have you heard, got, arrived; 6) was, started, did you get, haven’t got, have only been; 7) said, said, hasn’t come; 8) rang, were, said, got, didn’t come; 9) have you seen, left, put; 10) has left, left, has anybody been appointed, have applied, has been decided; 11) has been, used, rode, have had.
IV.
1) a) Has he called you this week? b) This week he called me on Friday, as usual.
2) a) Guess, who I met in the underground today. b) Guess, who I’ve met today.
3) a) Today I’ve done very little, but there’s still time in the evening. b) Today in the afternoon I did very little, that’s why I’ll have to work in the evening.
4) a) This year we have renovated the flat/have had the flat renovated. b) This year I renovated the flat when I was on holiday.
5) a) I haven’t seen her today. b) I didn’t see her today at the lecture. Was she there?
V.
0. B; 1. A; 2. B; 3. C; 4. B; 5. A; 6. C; 7. A; 8. C; 9. B; 10.A
VI.
Would should be crossed out in the following sentences: 1, 2, 5, 6, 8.
VII.
1) used to sleep; 2) get used to waking; 3) used to be; 4) is used to having; 5) get used to studying; 6) used to; 7) get used to speaking; 8) got used to eating; 9) used to love; 10) used to jog.
VIII.
1) the sea; 2) sea; 3) bed; 4) the bed; 5) a bed; 6) the / a prison; 7) prison; 8) a prison; 9) hospital; 10) the hospital; 11) a hospital; 12) the school; 13) school, 14) a school; 15) court; 16) the court; 17) church; 18) the church; 19) a church; 20) a college, the college; 21) college
UNIT III
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
III.
1) If you are going to travel around Europe, it will undoubtedly be a cultural holiday. You will be able to visit galleries, museums, ancient castles and other historical sites as well as to admire interesting architecture of old European cities / towns and to wander through their narrow streets. In fascinating small villages you even will be able to see people in traditional dress, to buy handmade souvenirs and sample / try local specialities.
2) Many hotels offer tourists to touch medieval atmosphere. These hotels are built in style of ancient castles with stained glass windows and four-poster beds in the guest rooms and a roaring log fire in the hotel lounge. Although some of these hotels date back to the 14th century, they have been restored to a high standard of comfort and furnished/equipped with all the modern conveniences.
3) If you enjoy the finer things in life, a break at a luxurious five-star hotel will be right up your street. This hotel is a stone’s throw from stylish and trendy boutiques and sights which are well worth a visit. Allow yourself the time to sample gourmet cuisine in the award-winning restaurant. Don’t miss the opportunity to enjoy the leisure facilities of the hotel itself: to have a swim in a heated outdoor pool or to go to a fully equipped gym.
4) Ecotourism is becoming more and more popular. Tourist agencies promise that you will enjoy amazing views of unspoiled nature and spectacular falls, see animals in their natural environment and take leisurely strolls along white sandy beaches. If you appreciate a gentle pastime, such a holiday will appeal to you.
5) If you are an active / energetic person, an adventure holiday will be right up your street. You will be able to experience white-water rafting, to go scuba diving and kayaking and even hot-air ballooning.
IV.
C) R – E
1 – 2; 2 – 5; 3 – 1; 4 – 7; 5 – 10; 6 – 15; 7 – 12; 8 – 3; 9 – 13; 10 – 9; 11 – 4; 12 – 14; 13 – 6; 14 – 11; 15 – 8
VIII.
1) The Lake District in England is famous for its lakes and amazing views. This place is ideal for those who are enthusiastic about hiking.
2) Take a short trip to the monastery which dates back to the 18th century. It will appeal to you as an expert on church architecture. Besides, the monastery is situated in a very scenic area on a hilltop.
3) Are you familiar with this designer’s works? He puts special emphasis on colour combinations which are out of the ordinary. His exhibition is open to the public for two months.
4) The employees of our agency who are experienced in organizing various events have put a lot of effort into making the music festival interesting and memorable.
5) We are all eager to listen to this outstanding economist’s lecture.
XII.
1) I’ve got backache and I can’t bend down. Could you help me do up my boots?
2) Every summer they cut off hot water in our town for three weeks. It’s so annoying!
3) We must cut down on the money we spend. We just can’t make (both) ends meet.
4) Smoking in public places must be done away with because many people are allergic to cigarette smoke.
5) To get to the station in time they decided to cut across the field.
6) I’m frozen to the bone. I think I could do with a cup of hot tea.
XIV.
1) Mary is such a good person, she is always willing to lend an ear and offer useful advice.
2) I work as a sales representative, so I live out of a suitcase. If I don’t get a move on, I’ll miss the plane. Last time I arrived at the airport in the nick of time and was to the last to check in.
3) Recently Martin has been working a lot to make ends meet. Meanwhile his wife is constantly buying various new things for the house which cost the earth but are absolutely useless.
4) I have felt / have been feeling a bit under the weather for the last few days. I hope, at the weekend I will be able to put my feet up and forget about work.
5) You must see the new film which is on at the Pushkinskiy cinema. I was on the edge of my seat until the very end.
6) Drop me a line, will you, when you know about the success of your discovery. – Well, it’s early days yet.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I.
1) am going to; 2) will; 3) am going to; 4) will; 5) is going to; 6) am going to; 7) is going to; 8) will; 9) will; 10) am going to; 11) will; 12) am going to.
II.
1) are having; 2) finishes; 3) does the film begin; 4) am not going, am staying; 5) are you doing; 6) are going, starts; 7) am leaving; 8) are meeting; 9) am going, are you coming; 10) does it end; 11) am not using; 12) is coming, is travelling, arrives.
III.
A 1) is flying; 2) leaves; 3) will be meeting; 4) will have returned
B 1) is going to become; 2) will probably work; 3) will be revising; 4) will have studied; 5) will pass
IV.
1) am moving; 2) will call; 3) will be; 4) will be sleeping; 5) will have been living / will have lived; 6) will finish; 7) will be meeting / am meeting; 8) close; 9) will have left; 10) will you be going / are you going ; 11) will be studying; 12) will be flying; 13) will have left; 14) will be; 15) will go; 16) will come; 17) will be talking; 18) will water; 19) will go; 20) will be seeing / am seeing / am going to see
V.
1) What are you going to do tomorrow? - Perhaps I'll go to the cinema. Will you go with me? - I'd love to but I'm playing tennis with my friends tomorrow.
2) As soon as I leave school, I'll try to enter university. If I pass my exams with excellent grades/marks, I'll be able to become a student of a prestigious university.
3) Don't call Ann. I'll be seeing her later today, so I’ll pass the information on. – Thanks, but it’s urgent. By the time you see her, we’ll have discussed everything.
4) What are you doing / going to do on Monday afternoon? – I’m taking my driving test. I hope, I will pass this time. And if I pass the test, I’ll have a party.
5) Mr. Brown is a real expert in his field. By the end of next month he will have been working in our company for fifteen years.
6) - What are you doing / going to do on Friday night? - I'm going to see my relatives in the country. - What time are you going? - The bus leaves at 7:30. But if the weather is rainy, I'll stay at home.
7) If I get a British visa, at this time on Wednesday I'll be flying to London. - Where are you going to stay? - I'm going to book a room in one of London’s centrally located hotels. I doubt if you will be able to afford it, all the hotels in the centre of London are very expensive. - I'll try to find a cheap one. - If you manage to do it, let me know. Perhaps I will also stay there when I’m in London.
VII.
1) If you throw a piece of wood into the water, it floats.
2) If it doesn’t rain, I’ll pick you up in the afternoon.
3) If you throw something into the air, it falls back to the ground according to the law of gravitation.
4) If you push this button, recording stops.
5) If I drink coffee in the evening, I won’t be able to sleep all night.
6) May I take your mobile phone on holiday with me? Don’t worry, if I lose or break it, I’ll buy you a new one.
7) You get a 10% discount if you pay cash.
8) You get two points if you answer the question correctly.
9) I’ll take a warm jacket with me in case it rains.
10) I won’t talk to her unless she apologizes.
IX.
1) Could you speak louder so that everyone can hear you?
2) Put the letter into your briefcase so as not to lose it.
3) I have given him this magazine so that he can / will be able to read an interesting article.
4) The speaker was speaking very loudly so that the audience in the back rows could hear him.
5) Write down the addresses and telephone numbers of the embassy or consulate in order to contact them in case of emergency.
6) She quietly closed the door to prevent the children from waking up / in order not to wake up the children.
7) While you are preparing for the journey, make photocopies of your tickets and passports so that they can be replaced more easily in case they are lost.
8) Don’t forget to leave your family your contact phone numbers so that they can / will be able to get in touch in case of emergency.
9) Don’t leave valuables in the hotel room to prevent them from being stolen.
10) Don’t forget about travel insurance in case you have health problems during your holiday.
X.
1) The, a; 2) -, a, the, -; 3) -, the, -; 4) a, -; 5) a, -; 6) -,-; 7) the, the; 8) -, the; 9) the, the, the, the; 10) -, -; 11) the, a , the; 12) an, the; 13) the, -; 14) -, -; the; 15) -, the, the, the, the; 16) the, -, the; 17) -, a, -; 18) -; 19) the, the; 20) a, the, a; 21) the, the; 22) the, -, the, the; 23) an, the; 24) the, -, -; 25) the, -; 26) the, the, the; 27) -, -; 28) -, the / -; 29) a, -, the; 30) a, the, the.
UNIT V
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
III.
1) Our physical and psychological well-being depends on the synchronised work of all the body’s systems which is regulated and controlled by our body clocks. If we ignore our body clocks or try to outsmart them, we run the risk of seriously damaging our health.
2) Altering our patterns of sleeping and waking / of sleep and wakefulness affects our immune system. While we sleep the body’s repair mechanisms are at work. Changing your body’s natural rhythms can lead to serious health problems such as heart diseases, fatigue, ulcers, frequent viral infections, etc.
3) We belong to a 24-hour society. On the one hand, it is very convenient – you can book tickets on the Internet at the crack of dawn or buy groceries at midnight. On the other hand, such a daily routine is not what nature intended because it is not in tune with our natural environment. If you stay up all night and regularly deprive yourselves of much needed rest, you become depressed, anxious and accident–prone in the long run.
4) Nowadays some people see “daily routine” as a negative term and think it is boring and predictable. However, we can’t ignore millions of years of evolution and start a round-the-clock lifestyle. Our body functions best when we have meals at the same time every day and have a regular sleep pattern listening to our body clocks’ ticking. You should remember a well-known proverb: “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise”.
V.
1) Have you seen John today? – No, I haven’t. He must have fallen ill. Yesterday he felt unwell / bad: he had sore eyes, a (high) fever, a splitting headache, aching muscles and he couldn’t stop sneezing. – It may / might / could be (the) flu. In such weather you can easily catch a virus.
2) Anna has got a streaming cold: she has got a runny nose, a sore throat and an awful cough. – Has she called a doctor? – Yes, she has. He has prescribed to take aspirin, cough mixture, nasal drops and throat lozenges.
3) What’s wrong with Mary? She’s got wheezing. – It’s asthma, she’s got difficulty breathing. – What is it caused by? – It can be an allergy to dust or animals. - Isn’t it the same as hay fever? – No, it isn’t. Hay fever is an allergy to pollen.
4) If you have got a high temperature, nausea and dizziness, it may / might / could be a heat stroke. It is usually caused by spending too much time in the sun.
5) If people eat too much or too quickly, they suffer from a bloated, painful stomach. It is called indigestion.
6) When Steve was in his teens he had acne: spots and red lumps on the face and neck caused by bacteria under the skin.
7) If you sprained your wrist you should put it in a sling and rest the injured part.
8) If you have got a nosebleed you should pinch your nose and put some ice on the bridge of it.
9) Swimming in cold water or doing too much exercise can cause cramp – a painful muscle contraction. Be careful while doing exercise in order not to pull your muscles.
10) Insomnia can result from stress, anxiety and even overtiredness.
VI.
1) annoyed; 2) satisfied; 3) relieved; 4) frightening; 5) disappointing; 6) pleased 7) tiring; 8) fascinating; 9) embarrassed; 10) relaxed; 11) exciting; 12) thrilled; 13) confusing; 14) worrying; 15) bored
VII.
1) Tom is a perfectionist. Whatever he deals with he does his best to achieve the best results. Moreover, he is always optimistic and confident of success.
2) Henry is a very self-confident young man. He is impatient and arrogant towards other people. If he doesn’t change, he’ll lose his friends.
3) My aunt doesn’t like any changes, she is a very conservative person. But she is pleasant to deal with because she is very responsible and reliable - she will never let you down.
4) Mr. Brown is a moody person. His feelings change every five minutes.
5) My sister is a very sociable girl. She has got a lot of friends and loves going to parties. Besides, she is very emotional and sentimental. She can start crying while looking through old family photos or reading a novel.
6) Sally gets upset easily because she is a very sensitive girl.
7) Sam never complains about anything. He is a very easy-going person.
8) Practical people never waste money on trifles and always make sensible decisions.
IX.
1) Anna is jealous of her friend Irina because the latter has got a lot of admirers. She buys clothes which are identical to Irina’s to make an impression on her fellow students. Irina tries to be kind to Anna but in fact she is not keen on having her look alike. Anna’s behaviour may lead to a quarrel in the long run.
2) The professor insisted on all the students joining in the discussion about the problem. He suggested analyzing the reasons of the increase in the number of the unemployed in all sectors of the national economy in recent months.
3) On my first working day I left the house at the crack of dawn because I didn’t want to run the risk of getting stuck in a traffic jam depriving myself of the boss’ confidence. I liked my first job. We all worked in harmony and my boss played an important part in my further career.
XIII.
1) I’m sure we mustn’t give up if we want to achieve success.
2) Though he spoke fluent French, his light accent gave him away as a foreigner.
3) I’m afraid there won’t be enough chairs to go around. Some of the students will have to stand.
4) Monica won’t be at work till the end of the month. Her younger child’s gone down with (the) measles.
5) He went after her to say how guilty he felt about what had happened, but she did not want to talk to him.
6) I’ve known him for ages. You can trust him; he never goes back on his word.
7) A stranger went for a passer-by with a knife threatening to kill him if he did not give him his wallet.
8) Unless we take care of our natural resources, they will inevitably give out in a few decades.
9) I like the smell of this plant very much. It gives off the smell of lemons.
XV.
1) Our confectionary has produced new chocolate bars and hit the jackpot: people who have a sweet tooth are crazy about them. Interestingly, at first we even had no intention of producing these sweets; though I, being a manager with many years’ experience, could feel it in my bones that the sales would go up.
2) My cousin really has itchy feet: he never stays in one place for long. He is an actor and earns his living doing impressions of celebrities.
3) At the beginning of the presentation tell a joke or a funny story: it will draw the audience’s attention and break the ice.
4) Liza’s colleagues put words into her mouth and accuse her of gossiping. Usually Liza phones her friend to get that off her chest and complain about her colleagues.
5) If you want to work at the police you should make sure that you have a strong stomach and the sight of blood and injuries doesn’t upset you.
6) Yesterday my computer broke down. I phoned the service department but they weren’t able to / didn’t manage to put their finger on what it was.
XIX.
1) The healing and pain-relieving properties of hot springs were discovered many years ago. The water from springs helps people with arthritis, rheumatism and neuralgia as well as allows to improve their general health.
2) In this region there are many spas with mud pools and hot springs with a high mineral content and various temperature which are used for therapeutic purposes and relaxation. Some springs are acidic, the others are alkaline and the temperature of the water varies from 33°C to 43°C.
3) Dark and humid caves where the hot spring water reaches the waist height are used as a natural steam bath.
4) The springs were discovered by Indians. At first they were visited only by local miners and prospectors. After the mining industry declined and the mines closed down this area turned into one of the country’s most favourite holiday resorts.
5) The springs and caves form part of a popular resort. Visiting a volcanic crater or a wildlife reserve as well as hiking in the national park are tourist attractions.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
I.
1. couldn’t / wasn’t able to; 2. could / couldn’t; 3. was able to; 4. can; 5. can’t 6. was able to; 7. couldn’t / wasn’t able to; 8. can’t; 9 could; 10. can
II.
1. must; 2. need; 3. should / ought to; 4. must; 5. have to; 6. need / have to; 7. should / ought to; 8. have to; 9. must / have to; 10. should / must / have to
III.
1. mustn’t; 2. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to; 3. can’t / mustn’t; 4. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to; 5. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to; 6. mustn’t / can’t; 7. needn’t / don’t have to / don’t need to
IV.
1. needn’t have hurried; 2. didn’t need to ask / didn’t have to ask; 3. didn’t need to send / didn’t have to send; 4. needn’t have booked; 5. didn’t need to pack / didn’t have to pack; 6. needn’t have called; 7. didn’t need to do / didn’t have to do
VI.
1. …may / might / could have forgotten about the meeting. 2. …may / might / could be home soon. 3. … should be / ought to be at work. 4. … may / might / could have called while we were out. 5. … may / might / could be outside in the garden. 6. … can get very busy in the rush hour. 7. … may / might / could have gone to the cinema. 8. … should / ought to pass the exam. 9. … may / might / could be visiting a friend. 10. It can snow heavily in Moscow in winter.
VII.
1. should / ought to; 2. should / ought to; 3. should / ought to / could / might; 4. should / ought to; 5. shouldn’t / ought not to; 6. shouldn’t / ought not to; should / ought to; 7. should / ought to
VIII.
1. can’t / mustn’t eat; 2. should / ought to take; 3. could / might have helped; 4. didn’t have to / need to take; 5. must obey; 6. can’t be working; 7. needn’t have come; 8. had to wake; 9. must go; 10. were able to beat.
IX.
1) Don’t stand up in the boat! You may / might / could fall into the river!
2) When I entered the kitchen, I could see Mary laying the table.
3) Anybody might / could have broken into this house, it was always unlocked.
4) I wanted to book the tickets, but Tom bought them on his way home, so I didn’t have to / didn’t need to do it.
5) You look very pale. I think you should see a doctor.
6) You’ve bought some bread, haven’t you? You needn’t have to, we’ve got plenty of bread.
7) I really must go on a diet. I’ll start today!
8) He was talking so fast that I couldn’t / wasn’t able to make out what he was saying.
9) We were sitting in the stalls, so we could see everything perfectly.
10) Lucy can / is able to joggle.
11) Mike can’t / couldn’t have said that. He is very well- mannered.
12) Ann must be sleeping. She went to bed at the crack of dawn.
X.
1.isn’t she? 2. didn’t he? 3. do you? 4. did you? 5. aren’t I 6. haven’t you? 7. shall we? 8. didn’t they? 9. shouldn’t he? 10. won’t you? 11. don’t they? 12. isn’t it? 13. will you / won’t you? 14. will he? 15. is there? 16. do they? 17. will you / won’t you? 18. isn’t there? 19. will they? 20. isn’t it? 21. didn’t you? 22. don’t you? 23. should we? 24. aren’t they? 25. am I?
XI.
1) aren’t you? 2) are you? 3) is there? 4) can you? 5) did you? 6) shall we? 7) is it? 8) do you? 9) will you / won’t you? 10) aren’t you?
UNIT VI
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
III.
1) Anyone will agree that ID technologies increase public safety. However, we should be aware of the fact that increased surveillance comes at the cost of our privacy. For example, whenever we use credit, phone or cash cards our personal information is recorded and stored. So it is on file and readily available to anyone. Unfortunately, this is the price we pay the convenience of using plastic cards.
2) The police and private security companies put CCTV cameras in shopping centres and public areas to discourage such crimes as muggings, carjackings and shoplifting. Cameras also monitor roads and record speeding.
3) GPS (Global Positioning Systems) allow to locate, via satellite, a person or an object. Many car rental companies use this technology to keep track of their vehicles.
4) Biometric ID technologies are more and more developing. For example, large companies use finger scanning to identify employees. Eye recognition, face recognition as well as voice recognition are widely used in different security systems. In the very near future a new computer program allowing footstep identification will appear on the market.
5) Modern identity cards (identification cards) contain microchips which are able to store large amounts of information. You don’t have to carry around with you your driving licence, student card, library card, birth certificate and other documents as such identity cards include full personal information from your birth date to a personal identification number.
VI.
1) I called his home phone but he was out, so I had to leave a message on his answeringmachine.
2) To switch to another TV channel you don’t even have to get up from the sofa. You can just press a button on the remote control.
3) The program was so slow that I had to uninstall it / I had to get it uninstalled.
4) I’ve had the NTV+ satellite dishinstalled and now I can watch my favourite sports programmes on satellite TV.
5) I’ve just received an e-mail from my friend. She says she’ll be able to come to see me at the weekend.
6) Please, turn on the radio. I want to listen to the weather forecast for tomorrow.
7) Remember to unplug the microwave oven after you’ve turned it off.
8) All my fellow students’ numbersare stored in the memory of my mobile phone.
9) You don’t have to go into the bank when you need some cash. You can withdraw the money from an ATM. To do transactions at an ATM you need a cash card and a PIN.
10) More and more people will be buying things onlinein the near future.
11) I’ve mistakenly deleted the file with the draft of my course paper. Could you tell me how I can restore it?
12) I’d advise you to install Skype on your computer. Then you’ll be able not only to make free calls, but also send e-mails for free. You can download it from the Internet.
13) I don’t have to log off every time I finish using the Internet. I have a fixed contract.
14) I like the ringtone on your mobile very much. Is it from some movie?
15) I can watch the local news on closed-circuit TV (CCTV). It’s so convenient.
16) Something’s wrong with the hard drive. I’ll have to get my computer repaired or buy a new one.
17) I don’t know how to use the menu on my mobile, I use the phone only inan emergency.
VII.
1. stole; 2. robbed; 3. robbed … of; 4. stole … from; 5. robbed; stole;
6. stealing; 7. stolen from; 8. rob … of; 9. stealing … from; 10. robbing
XII.
1) c ; 2) c; 3) a; 4) b; 5) b; 6) b; 7) a; 8) c; 9) c; 10) b; 11) c; 12) a; 13) b; 14) a
XV.
1. crimes 2. offence 3. criminals 4. offender 5. evidence 6. proof 7. trial 8. court
XX.
1. accusing 2. charge 3. blame 4. accuse 5. charging 6. blamed
7. charged 8. blames / blamed 9. accused 10. blame
XXI.
1) Two office clerks are reported to have been tried yesterday. They were charged with forging some important financial documents, which did a lot of damage to the company’s financial position and its reputation. Both frauds pleaded not guilty. However, the prosecutor produced conclusive proof, so the jury found them guilty of the crime and the judge sentenced them to 5 years in prison. The convicted were shocked at the verdict and they left the courtroom feeling deeply depressed.
2) Burglary, arson, kidnapping, hijacking and smuggling are very serious crimes. A person charged with one of thesecrimes, be it an arsonist or a smuggler, can be sentenced to a long prison term. On the other hand, speeding or hooliganism are considered minor offences and those who commit them are often punished with a fine or a court warning.
XXIII.
1) He knew that his young age and lack of experience might rob him of any chance of getting the job and he was very nervous about it.
2) Everyone who does not wear a safety belt when they are travelling in a car should be aware of all the dangers you can face on the road.
3) The woman was standing by the window leaning on the windowsill. She was watching the children playing in the yard.
4) Do you know that she’s married to a man who is 17 years her senior?
5) This airport is notorious for its ineffective security: they have luggage thefts almost every day.
6) I doubt that you’ll get me in the office tomorrow - I’ll be on the road. But if there’s something urgent, you can always make a call on my mobile phone.
7) Everyone knows that his daughter Victoria was named after his mother who died before the girl was born.
8) He heard the sound of laughter, but when he entered the room everybody stopped laughing. He knew that they had been laughing at him.
9) He spoke French without an accent. No wonder that he was often mistaken for a Frenchman.
10) If there’s nothing interesting on TV, you can turn it off. You’d better read a book or help me do the crossword puzzle.
11) Feel free to ask me for help if you have a problem with your laptop – I’ll be always happy to give you a hand.
12) What’s the use of worrying about your weight if you keep eating fats and sweets and don’t do any sport?
13) Surveillance cameras installed on trunk roads keep track of speeding drivers.
14) She tried to leave the shop without paying for the lipstick, but she was stopped by the security man who saw her put a lipstick into her handbag and head for the exit.
15) The local authorities promise to equip all the police stations with lie detectors in the near future.
16) We keep our employees’ records on file for three years after they leave the company.
17) I feel nervous every time they ask me to do some work on a computer – I’m not very good at it.
XXVII.
1) If you keep on coming late to work, you’ll be in trouble with your superiors.
2) The boys were kept in after school for fighting in their PE lesson.
3) Please hold up – I’ll go to see if Dr Jones is in his office.
4) The playground was fenced in to keep dogs off the children’s play area.
5) On the way to the airport we were held up by a road accident and we missed our flight.
XXIX.
1) My car was in the garage for a whole week, but it’s now back on the road.
2) You’re at the age when you must know the difference between right and wrong.
3) Keep in mind that without a good education you’ll never be able to get to the top in your career.
4) He was badly injured in a hit and run accident.
5) Keep off this subject, or you’ll only make matters worse.
6) She’s a very good housewife. She always keeps her house neat and tidy.
7) Don’t worry, your son’s safe and sound. He could’ve received much more serious injuries.
8) After leaving school they went away to different towns and they only see each other once in a blue moon.
9) The government demanded that the police should take more effective measures to maintain law and order in the country.
10) She said that she had seen Grandfather last week and that he was alive and well.
GRAMMAR EXERCISES
Passive voice forms
II.
1. with; 2. by; 3. with; 4. with; 5. by; 6. by; 7. by; 8. with
III.
1. are needed, be signed; 2. won’t be overheard; 3. is never answered, are kept, have been written; 4. had been watered, had been cut; 5. is suspected, has been arrested, is being questioned, will be identified; 6. was being re-organised, had been moved; 7. has been stolen;8. has been promoted; 9. is being redecorated; 10. had not been offered; 11. have been told; 12. were being cut; 13. are cured
IV.
1) She is being taken care of by her friends.
2) This film is being talked much about.
3) He can be relied on.
4) Such behavior can’t be approved of.
5) He was operated on two days ago.
6) Your essays will be looked through this week.
7) The tickets have just been paid for. They will be delivered to you.
8) She was named after her grandmother.
9) This professor’s lectures are always listened to with great interest.
10) The child will be looked after while you are away.
V.
1. My neighbor is very proud of her new grandson who was born last week.
2. I’m very fond of this old brooch because it belonged to my grandmother.
3. I’m afraid I can’t lend you my bike. It’s being repaired this week.
4. If you aren’t careful with the hammer, someone will be hurt.
5. When did you discover that the money had disappeared?
6. Children under the age of seven are not allowed in this pool.
7. The film is based on a famous novel.
8. You will be taken to your hotel by taxi.
9. Seat belts must be worn at all times.
10. Oh, no! Our flight has been cancelled.
VII.
1. It is known that Frank has admitted his mistake. Frank is known to have admitted his mistake.
2. It is expected that the CEO will have come back by the time of the meeting. The CEO is expected to come back by the time of the meeting.
3. It is said that there is an underpass connecting these two buildings. These two buildings are said to be connected by an underpass.
4. It is reported that two people were injured in the explosion. Two people are reported to have been injured in the explosion.
5. It is believed that fruit is good for health. Fruit is believed to be good for health.
6. It is thought that the burglars broke into the house through the window. The burglars are thought to have broken into the house through the window.
7. It is reported that the shopping centre was badly damaged by the fire. The shopping centre is reported to have been badly damaged by the fire.
8. It is alleged that the criminal was wearing a black mask. The criminal was alleged to be wearing a black mask.
9. It is expected that the company will go bankrupt next year. The company is expected to go bankrupt next year.
10. It is known that this fund was established ten years ago. The fund is known to have been established ten years ago.
Defining / Non-Defining Relative clauses
VIII.
2. Brian, whois still at school, is the captain of our local team. (not essential)
3. London, which is the capital of England, attracts many foreign visitors. (not essential)
4. The man whose wife is seriously ill is very sad (essential)
5. This parrot, whichcomes from Africa, is a clever mimic. (not essential)
6. The children whoplay with my son are coming round for tea. (essential)
7. Brighton, where my cousin lives, has a famous pier. (not essential)
8. English weather, which is often bad, is the subject of many conversations. (not essential)
9. The woman whose car was stolen last night has called the police. (essential)
10. Kate’s job, whichinvolves working long hours, makes her very tired. (not essential)
11. George, who is American, is the best student in our class. (not essential)
12. The soldier who fought the most bravely is being awarded a medal. (essential)
13. The house where/in whichmy grandparents lived is being demolished. (essential)
14. Their argument, whichcontinued throughout the night, was finally resolved. (not essential)
15. The Sussex coast, whichis in the south of England, is very beautiful. (not essential)
16. Not everybody who is coming to my party is bringing me a present. (essential)
17. California, whichis on the west coast of America, attracts actresses, surfers and musicians. (not essential)
18. This cake, which I bought yesterday, tastes delicious. (not essential)
IX.
2. who/that (S not omitted)
3. which/that (O can be omitted)
4. who/that (O can be omitted)
5. who/that (S not omitted)
6. which/that (O can be omitted)
7. which/that (S not omitted)
8. who/that (S not omitted)
9. which/that (O can be omitted)
10. which/that (O can be omitted)
11. which/that (S not omitted)
12. who/that (S not omitted)
13. which/that (O can be omitted)
14. who/that (O can be omitted)
15. which/that (O can be omitted)
16. who/that (S not omitted)
X.
2. This ice cream, whichcomes from Italy, is delicious. ND omitted
3. The town where I grew up was very small. D not omitted
4. James, whose hobby is rock climbing, has broken his leg. ND omitted
5. The sweater which/that Jenny bought me is too big. D not omitted
6. The subjects which/that I am studying are very difficult. D not omitted
7. The school where I first went has closed down. D not omitted
8. The country which/that I want to visit most of all is China. D not omitted
9. Angela, whosebest friend lives in Madrid, has gone on holiday to Spain. ND omitted
10. The boutique which/thatis by my house is having a sale. D not omitted
11. The book which/thatI’m reading is very exciting. D not omitted
12. Miss Hunter, whoworksat thebank, has been promoted. ND omitted
13. Terry, whose father is also a mechanic, has just repaired our car. ND omitted
XI.
2. That’s the beach where I used to go swimming.
3. Steven lives in Bradford, which is a city in the north of England.
4. July was the month whenmy sister was born.
5. This is my new coat, which I bought in yesterday’s sale.
6. This is the factory where my father used to work.
7. That’s the man whose wife is a famous actress.
8. America is the country where the best hamburgers are made.
9. Jo is an actress who has just finished making her first film.
10. That’s the dog which/that always barks when you approach it.
11. 1966 was the year whena great fire destroyed much of London.
12. Christmas is the time when people buy each other presents.
13. Sheena is a pop star, who had a hit record last year.
14. Smoking is a bad habit, which causes many deaths every year.
15. These are the children whose mother is a policeman.
16. That’s the hospital where I had an operation.
XII.
2. The film about which I’m writing was made in 1958.
The film (which/that) I’m writing about was made in 1958.
3. She’s the girl about whom they were talking.
She’s the girl (whom/who/that) they were talking about.
4. That’s the restaurant where/to which we go every Saturday.
That’s the restaurant (which/that) we go to every Saturday.
5. This is the island where/on which we spent our holiday.
This is the island (which/that) we spent our holiday on.
6. These are the Joneses with whom we went to the theatre.
These are the Joneses (who/whom/that) we went to the theatre with.
7. That’s the hotel (that/which) we used to stay at every summer.
That’s the hotel where/at which we used to stay every summer.
8. It’s Mr Smith from whom I got all the information.
It’s Mr Smith who/whom I got all the information from.
9. This is the knife which he cut the bread with.
This is the knife with which he cut the bread.
10. Mrs Andrews is the woman from whom I’ve received a letter.
Mrs Andrews is the woman whom/who/that I’ve received a letter from.
XIII.
It was a lovely experience which I will never forget. I stayed with Louise, who is my French cousin. She introduced me to Pierre, whose knowledge of Paris is amazing. I loved the boulevards, which are so wide and elegant. The Eiffel Tower is, of course, a great sight that/which is famous all over the world. My favourite building, however, was the Invalides, which was built in the 17th century. At the end of the week I thanked Pierre, who had been very kind.