Match these words with their definitions. 1 superfluidity A.being able to transmit electrical current without resistance at very low or high temperatures

1 superfluidity A.being able to transmit electrical current without resistance at very low or high temperatures

2 laser B something which does not follow the normal pattern

3 violence C material that can transmit electricity but not as well as metal

4 exception D branch of electronics involving devices dealing with electromagnetic radiation

5 semiconductor E characteristic of matter which can flow endlessly without resistance

6 heterostructure F when there is just one boundary between material that can transmit electricity

7optoelectronics G angry physical force

8 superconductor H device that produces intense, concentrated beam of light

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Russian Nobel Prize winners in Physics and Chemistry

Because of its long history of supporting scientific research and education, Russia has produced a number of internationally recognised leaders in physics and chemistry.

The Russian Academy of Sciences (or the USSR Academy of Sciences, as it was called before 1991), played a major part in all their careers. With one exception, all were members of the Academy, carrying out their research and publishing their findings with the Academy's support.

1956 In 1956, Nikolay N. Semyonov was the first Russian to receive a Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his research into the mechanism of chemical reactions. He was trained as a physicist and chemist. During his career, working alone or with other distinguished scientists like Pyotr L. Kapitsa, he made many important discoveries and contributions to chemistry and physics. In 1931, Semyonov became the first director of the Institute of Chemical Physics of the Academy and was also one of the founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT).

1958 The collaboration of Pavel A. Cherenkov, Igor Y. Tamm and Ilya M. Frank resulted in the discovery and description of the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect, a phenomenon which is very important in nuclear physics. For their work they received the Nobel Prize in 1958. All three of the scientists were professors at universities and the Academy's institutes and greatly influenced future generations of scientists.

1962 After receiving his doctoral degree from Leningrad University at the exceptionally young age of 19, Lev D. Landau went on to study abroad. When he returned to Russia, he became head of two of the Academy's institutes. Like Semyonov, he was also involved in founding the MIPT. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1962, for his phenomenological theory of superfluidity in helium.

1964 Nikolay G. Basov and Aleksandr M. Prokhorov worked together on a project which led to the development of the laser and their receiving the 1964 Nobel Prize. Both worked at the Lebedev Institute of Physics (Basov was the Director from 1973-1988) and also taught at universities. Even though Prokhorov never became a member of the Academy, the Academy's General Physics Institute was renamed the A.M. Prokhorov General Physics Institute in his honour.

1978 Pyotr L. Kapitsa went to England after he had completed his studies at Petrograd Polytechnic Institute. He studied at Cambridge and also worked on various projects there. He returned to Russia in 1934 and continued his career there. He was also one of the founders of the MIPT. In addition, Kapitsa was a member of the Soviet National Committee of the Pugwash movement, a group of international scientists who wanted to use science for the good of humankind and not for violence and war. Kapitsa won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1978, for his work on low-temperature physics.

2000 Zhores I. Alferov has been active in physics since graduating from the Electro technical Institute in Leningrad. He received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2000, for the development of the semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed electronics and optoelectronics.

2003 More recently, Russian Nobel Prize winners in 2003 were Vitaly L. Ginsburg and Alexei A. Abrikosov. Ginsburg, who holds a doctoral degree from Moscow State University, became the director of the Academy's Physics Institute after Igor Tamm. Ginsburg was influenced by Landau, with whom he had worked, and by Tamm, who had been his teacher. Alexei Abrikosov was educated at Moscow State University. He worked at the Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics for over 20 years (1965-1988) and also taught at Moscow State University during that time. They received the Nobel Prize for Physics for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids.

Pronunciation guide

Helium

Heterostructures

Superfluidity

E Comprehension