Ex. 11. Complete any of the “Character Maps” (see p. ) and retell the story. HOME READING VI SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939)
HOME READING VI
| SIGMUND FREUD (1856–1939) | 
|
Ex. 1. Answer the questions:
21. What was Sigmund Freud?
22. When and where was he born?
23. Where did he live?
24. How do you think what kind of character he had?
25. What facts of his life do you know?
Ex. 2. Read and translate the text about Sigmund Freud:
- Many people believe that Sigmund Freud's work marked the beginning of modern psychology. He developed new ways to study the human personality. Some people disagreed with his ideas, and others thought he was a genius.
- Sigmund Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia, which is now the Czech Republic. His family moved to Vienna when Sigmund was four years old. He was the oldest of his mother's eight children and her favorite. Sigmund loved to read and he was always at the top of his class. He had no interest in sports or outdoor activities, except walking. The family apartment had only four bedrooms, but Sigmund's mother gave him his own room so he could study in peace. He rarely joined the family for meals. Instead he ate alone in his room, surrounded by his favorite books.
- Sigmund Freud first thought about studying law, but then he decided to study medicine. He enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1873. His early days at the university were difficult because some of his classmates discriminated against him because he was Jewish, This made Freud more determined than ever to do his best. He loved working in the laboratory and studying the scientific side of medicine rather than helping patients. In fact, he stayed in school for seven years instead of the usual five because he spent so much time working in the laboratory of a famous professor. Freud expected to become the professor's assistant, but unfortunately, he was discriminated against again.
- Freud received his medical degree in 1881. For the next few years he continued his laboratory work. Meanwhile, he fell in love and became engaged to a young woman named Martha Bernays. Freud didn't earn a lot of money working in the laboratory, so he took a job at the General Hospital of Vienna. He worked in several departments, including the psychiatry department, where he studied the human nervous system and mental illnesses. Freud became fascinated by the human mind. After several months, he went to a clinic in Paris to study with a leading specialist in the field. After four months, he realized how much he missed Martha, and he returned to Vienna. They got married a few weeks later and went on to have a family of six children.
- After his marriage, Freud opened his own psychiatry practice. He worked with patients who were very depressed or behaved in strange ways. At first he used hypnosis, a technique he had studied in Paris. Under hypnosis, patients could sometimes remember experiences that caused their problems. Many doctors at the time disagreed with the use of hypnosis, but Freud kept trying. Some patients were helped by this and others were not, so he kept looking for more ways to understand the human mind.
- Around this time, Freud started to treat patients in a new way, called "psychoanalysis." Psychoanalysis uses different techniques to help people. One technique that Freud used was to let his patients talk about whatever they wanted, sometimes for hours at a time. At first they couldn't remember what made them depressed or upset. But after a while, their memories came back. After talking about their experiences and understanding the cause of their troubles, many patients felt much better. Freud also talked about the unconscious mind as the cause of mental and emotional problems. He believed that often people aren't aware of the things that upset them. Related to this is Freud's work with dreams. Freud believed that strange behavior was often connected to past worries, fears, and desires, which often appear in our dreams. By getting patients to remember their dreams, he could understand what upset them. Then he helped them to overcome their problems. In 1910, Freud wrote a book called The Interpretation of Dreams, which explained what dreams mean. Many people were shocked and angered by the ideas in his book. They thought that dreams had nothing to do with people's problems.
- When news of Freud's work began to spread, people laughed at him and called him a fraud. Freud was very stubborn in his professional life. He ignored the people who criticized him and continued his work. He published study after study. Some countries banned his books and many religious groups condemned him. But several of Vienna's younger doctors and a group of respected psychiatrists from around the world admired him. After a while, some of Freud's most famous admirers began to disagree with his ideas. They started using their own techniques and Freud never forgave them. Freud wouldn't listen to anyone's ideas and arguments but his own.
- In his personal life, Freud was a loving father and husband. He loved to take his children for walks in the country, where they picked flowers and mushrooms. He also liked to play card games every week with his friends. Freud was interested in archaeology and he collected Egyptian and Greek antiques. He didn't like the telephone and rarely listened to the radio. Freud hated chicken and the vegetable cauliflower and refused to sit at a table if these foods were served. He was also afraid of open spaces and trains. Freud was of average height and had black hair and a short beard. He liked to wear nice suits with a black tie and black hat. He also smoked 20 cigars a day. Unfortunately, Freud had health problems. He had cancer of the mouth and had over 30 surgeries. During one surgery, doctors had to remove part of his tongue and it was hard for him to speak.
- In 1938, the German army invaded Austria. World War II was beginning, and life became terrible for millions of Jews, including Sigmund Freud. The army burnt many of his books in public. They also destroyed the publishing company that printed them. One day as he was coming home from the hospital, the German secret police took him. They also took his money, his house, and his land. Freud needed a miracle to save his life now. The miracle came when U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked the German army to set him free. They agreed to let Freud leave Austria but they wanted 20,000 pounds sterling (approximately $32,000).A Greek princess who was once a patient of Freud's paid the money. However, Freud had to sign a paper saying that he was treated well by the German army. Freud signed the paper and added in his own handwriting, "I can most warmly recommend the Gestapo to anyone." On June 4, 1938, Freud and his family moved to a town near London. Fifteen months later, in September 1939, Freud died at the age of 83.
Ex. 3. Highlight the story (see p. )
Ex. 4. Choose the best answer:
1. The main topic of paragraph 3 is that Freud ______________.
a. was treated badly at the university
b. became interested in laboratory and scientific work at the university
с. spent more years at the university than most other students
2. Paragraph 6 is mostly about ____________.
a. how Freud used psychoanalysis to treat his patients
b. why Freud's patients were depressed and upset
с. how memories played an important part in the lives of Freud's patients
3. The main topic of paragraph 8 is Freud's ______________ .
a. personal habits and interests
b. strange behavior and fears
c. relationship with his children
4. Paragraph 9 is mostly about ______________ .
a. how Freud's cancer affected the last years of his life and led to his death
b. how Freud was treated badly by the German army and finally escaped
c. why the German army tried to destroy Freud and his work
Ex. 5. Choose the best answer:
1. Freud took seven years to get his medical degree because _________
a. he went to law school first
b. he spent a lot of time in laboratories
с. school was difficult for him
2. Freud tried to get his patients to __________.
a. forget about the bad things that happened to them
b. remember their past experiences
c. sleep longer so they could have more dreams
3. When people heard Freud's first ideas about the unconscious mind they ________.
a. ignored him
b. praised him
c. laughed at him
4. Freud believed that people's dreams ______________ .
a. helped them to understand their hidden fears
b. caused them to behave strangely
с. made them upset and angry
5. Freud didn't like _________________.
a. open spaces
b. playing cards
c. his children
6. After the German army freed Freud, he moved to ___________________.
a. the United States
b. England
c. Greece
Ex. 6. Put the sentences in the correct order:
· Freud married Martha Bernays.
· Freud went to a clinic in Paris to study.
· Freud started to use psychoanalysis.
· Freud wrote The Interpretation of Dreams.
· Freud received his medical degree.
· Freud opened his own psychiatry practice.
Ex. 7. Choose the main idea of the text:
1. The passage suggests that Freud ___________ .
a. always believed his ideas were both important and correct
b. was often upset by people's opinions of his work
c. didn't always believe in himself, and allowed others to influence his work
2. The passage implies that Freud ____________.
a. was happy only when he was working
b. was happy when he spent time with family and friends
c. was a difficult and bitter man who had more enemies than friends
3. The passage concludes that _____________.
a. Freud's new ideas about human behavior made many people angry and
upset
b. in the late 1800s, no one thought Freud's ideas made any sense
c. Freud's work was important in his time but isn't important today
Ex. 8. Match the words with their meanings:
| 1. fraud | a. to treat someone you think is different in an unfair way |
| 2. psychiatry | b. person who lies and claims to be- something he or she is not |
| 3. condemn | c. special way of doing some special activity or work |
| 4. discriminate against | d. to express very strong disapproval of someone or something |
| 5. practice | e. sleeplike state in which a person's thoughts or actions can be controlled by someone else |
| 6. unconscious | f. to say what is wrong with something |
| 7. criticize | g. part of the mind where there are thoughts and feelings people don’t realize they have |
| 8. miracle | h. study and treatment of mental illness |
| 9. hypnosis | i. business created by a doctor or lawyer |
| 10. technique | j. an amazing or remarkable thing |
Ex. 9. Answer the questions:
1. What are some frauds that you have heard about?
2. Why is psychiatry an important area of study?
3. Do you find it hard to criticize people?
4. Would you like to go under hypnosis?
5. Why do some people discriminate against others?