в условных предложениях II и III типа
If I were acquainted with this professor, I should have rung him up
yesterday. – Если бы я был знаком с этим профессором, я бы позвонил ему
вчера. Условие относится к настоящему времени (II тип), а следствие
— к прошедшему (III тип).
If I had written my essay yesterday, I should be free now. - Если бы я
написала своё сочинение вчера, я бы сейчас была свободна. Условие
относится к прошедшему времени (III тип), а следствие — к настоящему
(II тип).
Обратный порядок слов (инверсия) в придаточных предложениях условия
В условных предложениях союзы if, provided, in case и другие могут быть опущены, если в придаточных предложениях имеются глаголы had, were, could, might, should. В таких случаях эти глаголы ставятся перед подлежащим.
Had he translated this article, he would have given it to me. – Если бы он
перевёл эту статью, он бы дал её мне.
Were he older, he would understand it. – Если бы он был старше, он бы
понял это.
Нереальное условие может быть выражено не только придаточным предложением, но и существительным со значением действия, события или признака, вводимого сочетаниями but for... , if it were not for... , had it not been for...(ср. рус. если бы не):
But for the strength of their character, the first settlers might not have survived
the first winter in America. — Если бы не сила характера, первые
поселенцы могли бы не выдержать первую зиму в Америке.
Предложения с wish
После глагола to wish, где в придаточном предложении выражается сожаление о ситуации, имеющей место в настоящем или относящейся к прошлому, употребляются формы, совпадающие с формами прошедшего неопределенного или прошедшего совершенного времени соответственно.
При этом утвердительная форма указывает на сожаление о благоприятном, но не осуществленном действии, а отрицательная форма — на сожаление по поводу напрасно совершенного неблагоприятного действия. Подобные предложения обычно переводятся на русский язык предложениями: Как жаль, что...; Хотел бы я, чтобы....
I wish I knew how to do it. – Хотел бы я знать, как это делать.
I wish I could speak Spanish. — Жаль, что я не говорю по-испански.
I wish I didn't livehere! — Как жаль, что я здесь живу!
I wish I had gone there. –Я хотел бы туда пойти. (Жаль, что я туда не пошел).
I wish I hadn't called you. — Я жалею, что позвонил тебе.
I wish I had called you. — Жаль, что я не позвонил тебе.
Practice
Ex.1. Compare the sentences. Translate them.
1. If I become president, I will change the social security system. (Said by a presidential candidate)
2. If I became president, I would change the social security system. (Said by a schoolboy)
3. If we had played a little better, we could have won the game. (We didn't play well, so we lost the game)
4. If you had saved your money, you could have bought a computer. (You didn’t buy a computer because you didn’t have money)
5. If you had driven more carefully, you would not have had an accident. (You had an accident because you didn't drive carefully enough)
6. I wish I knew Steve’s telephone number. (I don’t know it)
7.If onlyI had told my parents about this misunderstanding. (I didn’t tell them about it)
Ex. 2. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets, pay attention to the types of conditional sentences. Translate the sentences.
1) If the taxi (to arrive) late, we’ll miss the appointment.
2) If you (to meet)Jack, please tell him that we need him badly.
3) (To get) I any discount if I pay in cash?
4) Someone may have an accident unless we (to improve) safety standards.
5) If I were you, I (to accept) the offer.
6) If I saw him, I (to tell) him about your request.
7) If I (to have)time, I’d go with you.
8) If James (to change) his job, he would earn more money.
9) If they (to help) us, we shouldn’t have finished the work.
10) You’d have got a higher mark if you (to study) harder in winter.
11) They would have bought this flat if it (to be) too expensive.
12) But for the financial crisis the company (to fail).
Ex. 3. Use the correct form of the verb in brackets. Translate the sentences.
1. The company will ask the bank for a credit if it (not to have) enough money for a new branch.
2. If the company (not to meet) the demands of consumers, its goods would not be recognized in the market.
3. If the price of the good had not be raised, the company (not to make) any profit.
4. If you (to translate) this article into Russian, you should use it in your report.
5. If it (to rain), we shan't go to the country on Sunday.
6. I shan’t be able to translate this article unless I (to find) a dictionary of finance terms.
7. If I had seen him, I (to tell) him about their plans.
8. If I weren’t so busy, I (to do) it for you.
9. If you (to be) very early, don’t expect them to be ready.
10.He (to act) differently if he had been given an answer two days ago.
11. If the company (make ) a profit last year, each shareholder would have
received a part of it.
Ex. 4. Match these parts to make conditional sentences
1. If I had their address,
2. If you saw her now,
3. If I took more exercise,
4. If you got a new job,
5. If you asked Kate,
6. If I travelled first class,
7. If it was a little warmer,
8. If she didn’t answer the phone,
9. If you went to the doctor,
10. If I stopped off in Toronto,
a) it would cost over £650.
b) you might earn a bit more money.
c) I would probably stay with Linda.
d) she must have been out at work.
e) she would give you a certificate.
f) she would probably give you a lift.
g) we could go for a swim.
h) I might lose a bit of weight.
i) I could write and ask them.
j) you would hardly recognize her.
(From Collins)
Ex. 5. Rewrite these sentences as conditionals.
I can’t write to her because I don’t have her address.
- I could write to her if I had her address.
a. I’d like to go abroad but I can’t afford it.
b. I’m not going to buy that car because it’s so expensive.
c. We can’t go out because it’s raining.
d. She won’t come to the party because she’s away on holiday.
e. The central heating isn’t working so we can’t turn it on.
Ex. 6. Make conditional sentences.
1. You did not ring me up, so I did not know you had problems. If ...
2.This house is very nice and comfortable, but it is not very good for living because it is situated close to a chemical plant and the air around is very bad. If ...
3.He is an excellent specialist, but I cannot ask his advice because I am not
acquainted with him. If ...
4. We shall not go to see them because it is very late. If ...
5. Не always gets top marks in mathematics because it is his favourite subject and
he works a lot at it. If ...
6. The boxes were so heavy that I could not carry them. That's why I took a taxi. If ...
7. I had a bad headache yesterday, that's why I did not come to see you. If ...
8. He was not in town, therefore he was not present at our meeting. If …
9. The pavement was so slippery that I fell and hurt my leg. If ...
10. It is late, and I have to go home. If ...
11. He speaks English badly: he has no practice. If ...
12. The girl did not study well last year and received bad marks. If ...
13. They spent a year in Rome, so they speak Italian fluently. If ...
Ex.7. a)Use the correct form of the verb in brackets. Translate the sentences.
1) I wish I (to know) Italian. The delegation from Italy has come to the factory.
2) I wish we (not to have) so many meetings.
3) I wish we (to advertise) our furniture on television. The sales are low.
4) I wish I never (to suggest) this idea.
5) Don't you wish you (to see) that performance before?
6) I wish I (to have) a discount for the flight. The prices are so high.
7) I wish I (to consult) the lecturer when I first felt that mathematics was too difficult for me.
b) Change the sentences using I wish…
Pattern: It's a pity you are ill. – I wish you were not ill.
1) My friend regrets not having entered the Academy
2) He was sorry not to have had enough time to finish his test-paper in German.
3) Unfortunately she won't return before Christmas.
4) It's a pity that you did not send for the doctor last night.
5) I must get in touch with Sue. But I don’t know her number.
6)It’s a pity I’m working next weekend.
Ex. 8. In what situations can you hear these sentences? Add the first phrases.
1. - …………………………….
- You’ll get a discount if you pay in cash.
2. - ……………………………
- If I only had the time, I’d do it gladly.
3. - ……………………………
- If you are going to America, you will need a visa.
4. - ……………………………
- If I were you, I would take the money.
5. - ……………………………
- You will fail your exams unless you work harder.
6. - …………………………….
- You wouldn’t believe it unless you saw it.
Ex. 9. Let’s dream. What would happen / what would change in your life if you
had…………..?
lived…………?
knew ………..?
could………...?
found………...?
got……………?
lived…..……...?
met…………...?
Add some more ideas.
Ex.10. Choose the correct option.
1. He wished he _____her the money. She never returned it.
A had lent
B hadn't lent
2. If I____you, I____him. It's high time you_____his advice.
A were, would contact, would take
B were, would contact, took
3. If the computer crashes, ______someone from the IT department.
A you’d call
Byou’ll have to call
4. If she _____half an hour earlier, she____to see him before the departure. He
was eager to say good-bye to her.
A came, would be able
Bhad come, would have been able
5. You were not attentive. If you_____so nervous, you_____ much better and _______ so many mistakes.
A had not been, would have spoken, wouldn't have made
B were not, would speak, wouldn't make
6. We_____the train if we_____faster.
A would catch, had walked
B would have caught, had walked
8. But for your help we_____in time.
A hadn't finished
Bwould not have finished
Ex. Translate these sentences from English into Russian
1. A bank would not consider lending money to help start a business unless you could show it a detailed business plan.
2. Unless you have sufficient funds or family or friends who are willing and able to financially support your business, you will most likely need to obtain a business loan from a bank.
3. If you are advertising your business through a website you must make sure it appears on a search engine, which can be achieved through the use of Google Ad Words.
4. We can’t continue our research unless we get more finance.
5. Were it all true it would still not excuse their actions.
6. If everyone wanted to be an entrepreneur and succeeded, businesses would be on such a small scale that the nation would not prosper.
7. If you price under market, you will run into serious financial problems.
8. If we hadn’t introduced technical innovationslast year? We wouldn’t be competitive in the market now.
9. If he had failed to sign the contract, he would have lost his job.
10. Many people would have given up if they had faced similar difficulties.
Приложение. Таблицы
Таблица 1. Модальные глаголы
| Оттенки значений | Глаголы | Возможный перевод | Пример | Перевод |
| Способность (физическая, ментальная) | can be able to | мочь, быть способным | I can read. He will be able to do it. | Я могу (умею) читать. Он будет способен это сделать. |
| Возможность, шанс (благодаря обстоятельствам) | can, may | мочь, иметь возможность | I can go there right now. I may walk about an hour, if the weather is fine. | Я могу пойти туда прямо сейчас. Мне можно погулять около часа, если погода будет хорошая. |
| Возможность благодаря разрешению | may | можно | You may go. | Можете идти. |
| Невозможность из-за запрещения | mustn’t | ни в коем случае, нельзя | You mustn’ttake guns to a plane. | Нельзя брать оружие в самолёт. |
| Обязанность (моральный долг), обязательства | must, ought to | должен | You musttake care of your parents. He ought to write to her. | Ты должен заботиться о родителях. Он должен написать ей. |
| Необходимость (вызванная обстоятельствами) | have to, have got to | должен, вынужден, приходится | I have to get up at seven to come to the Institute in time. | Мне приходится вставать в 7 утра, чтобы прийти в институт вовремя. |
| Совет, рекомендации | should | должен. следует, обязан | You shouldtake an umbrella, it’s going to rain. | Тебе надо взять зонтик, собирается дождь. |
| Необходимость в связи с давним планом, договорённостью | be to | должен, нужно | She is to be here at seven p.m. She promised. | Она должна быть здесь в семь часов вечера. Она обещала. |
Таблица 2. Таблица неправильных глаголов
| Infinitive | Past Indefinite | Past Participle (Participle II) | Translation |
| be become begin blow break bring build buy come catch choose cut do draw drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forget get give go grow have hear hide hold keep know learn leave let lie lose make mean meet pay put read ring rise run say see sell send set shine show sing sit sleep smell speak spend stand strike swim take teach tell think understand wake wear weep win write | was, were became began blew broke brought built bought came caught chose cut did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forgot got gave went grew had heard hid held kept knew learnt left let lay lost made meant met paid put read rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shone showed sang sat slept smelt spoke spent stood struck swam took taught told thought understood woke wore wept won wrote | been become begun blown broken brought built bought come caught chosen cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forgotten got given gone grown had heard hidden held kept known learnt left let lain lost made meant met paid put read rung risen run said seen sold sent set shone shown sung sat slept smelt spoken spent stood struck swum taken taught told thought understood woken worn wept won written | быть становиться начинать(ся) дуть разбивать(ся) приносить строить покупать приходить ловить; хватать выбирать резать делать рисовать пить ехать (на машине) есть падать кормить чувствовать бороться находить летать забывать получать давать идти расти иметь слышать прятать(ся) держать хранить знать учить покидать позволять лежать терять делать означать встречать(ся) платить класть, ставить читать звонить подниматься бежать сказать видеть продавать посылать ставить; заходить (о солнце) сверкать показывать петь сидеть спать нюхать; пахнуть говорить проводить стоять ударять плавать брать обучать сказать думать понимать будить, просыпаться носить (об одежде) плакать побежать писать |
Список использованной литературы
1) Business Grammar Builder / Paul Emerson. – Macmillan Publishers Limited, 2002– 272с.
2) Collins Cobuild Student’s Grammar: Self-study edition with answer key. / Practice Material by Dave Willis. – HarperCollins Publishers, 1991 – 263p.
3) Michael Swan. How English works: A grammar practice book. / Michael Swan & Catherine Walter. – Oxford University Press, 1997 – 358с.
4) The Language of Business English: reference and practice. / Nick Brieger and Simon Sweeny. – Prentice Hall, 1998 – 250с..
5) Глушенкова Е.В. Английский язык для студентов экономических специальностей: Учебное пособие. / Е.В. Глушенкова, Е.Н. Комарова. - М., 2002 – 124с.
6) Горбунова Е.В. Английская грамматика в коммуникативных упражнениях: Учебное пособие. / Е.В.Горбунова, С.Г.Дубровская. – М.: Высшая школа, 1985 – 175с.
7) Колесникова Н.Н. World of Work (Мир труда): Учебник./ Н.Н.Колесникова, Г.В. Данилова, Л.В. Гарузова, Л.Н. Девяткина. – М.: АТиСО, 1999 – 542с., 2000 – 423с.
8) Мусихина О.Н. Английский язык для экономических вузов. Практикум. / О.Н.Мусихина.– Ростов н /Д: Феникс, 2008. – 347с.
9) Солодушкина К.А.. Modern English Grammar Practice: Сборник упражнений на базе экономической лексики / К.А.Солодушкина – СПб.: Антология, 2005. – 352с.
10) Cимхович В.А. Практическая грамматика английского языка: Учеб. пособие. / В.А.Симхович. – Мн., 1999 – 350с.
11) Сухинина И.А. Деловое партнёрство: Учебное пособие. / И.А.Сухинина. – М.:АСТ:Восток-Запад, 2006 – 217с.
12) Хведченя Л.В. Английский язык для студентов заочной формы обучения (гуманитарные специальности): Учебное пособие /Л.В. Хведченя, О.И.Васючкова – Мн.; Выш.шк. 2005 – 314с.
13) Учебно-методические материалы кафедры иностранных языков УрСЭИ АТиСО
14) Материалы сайтов:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish;
http://www.pearsonlongman.com/,
Содержание
Предисловие 3
1. Revision. Tenses. Повторение. Видовременные формы глагола 4
1.1. Active and Passive Voices Действительный и страдательный залоги
в английском языке 4
Practice 6
1. 2. Sequence of tenses. Согласование времён 10
Practice 13
2. Verbals. Неличные формы глагола 18
2.1. The Infinitive. Инфинитив 18
2.2. Инфинитивные конструкции 20
Practice 22
2.3. The Participle. Причастие 28
2.4. Конструкции с причастием 30
Practice 32
2.5. The Gerund. Герундий 37
Practice 40
3.The English Sentence. Английское предложение 44
3.1.Сложноподчиненные предложения и типы придаточных 44
Practice 47
3.2. Conditional sentences. Придаточные предложения условия 50
Practice 54
Приложение. Таблицы 60
Список использованной литературы 63