Foregrounding:giving additional emphasis to the important elements of the text

Form: The term is usually used in the analysis of the general structural principles by which a work is organised, and is distinguished from its content.

Graphon: stylistically relevant corruption of spelling (compare Elision)

Hyperbole: the figure of overstatement.

Implication, textual: textual implication is a meaning additionally implied, based on syntagmatic relationship of related elements. Textual implication expresses not only the logical information, but the additional information i.e. evaluative, emotional and aesthetic. Textual implication is limited by microcontext that on the level of a plot usually corresponds to an episode.

Irony: The word is used often of consciously inappropriate or understated utterances. Irony depends upon the audience's being able to recognise that a comment is deliberately at odds with its occasion, and may often discriminate between two kinds of audience: one which recognises the irony, and the other which fails to do so.

Litotes: the figure of understatement.

Metaphor: the transfer of a quality or attribute from one thing or idea to another in such a way as to imply some resemblance between the two things or ideas. Many metaphors have been absorbed into the structure of ordinary language to such an extent that they are all but invisible, and it is sometimes hard to be sure what is or is not dead metaphor. See also Simile.

Metonymy: A figure of speech in which the name of one object is replaced by another which is closely associated with it. So 'the turf' is a metonym for horse-racing, 'Westminster' is a metonym for the Houses of Parliament. See synecdoche.

Onomatopoeia: The use of words or sounds which appear to resemble the sounds which they describe. Some words are themselves onomatopoeic, such as 'snap, crackle, pop.'

Periphrasis: a trope, presented by changing a subject name by a description, a collocation with naming its essential, distinctive features.

Oxymoron: a trope, joining two contrastive in meaning, incompatible words (usually containing antonymous ideas), revealing inner contradiction of the object or situation described.

Parallelism, parallel construction: repetition of the syntactic structure.

Parenthesis: an explanatory or qualifying word, clause, sentence inserted into passage.

Polysyndeton: The use of multiple conjunctions, usually where they are not strictly necessary ('chips and beans and fish and egg and peas and vinegar and tomato sauce'). Compare asyndeton.

Pun: immediate realization of two meanings of the polysemantic word (or a pair of homonyms) due to the reader's knowledge. Usually the central word is repeated

Simile: a comparison between two objects or ideas which is introduced by 'like' or 'as'. The literal object which evokes the comparison is called the tenor and the object which describes it is called the vehicle. So in the simile 'the car wheezed like an asthmatic donkey' the car is the tenor and the 'asthmatic donkey' is the vehicle.

Stylistic function: interaction of logical contents of the speech with the connotation, the reflection of emotional, volitional, vocative contact-building and aesthetic functions of the language.

Suspense: holding the reader or listener in tense anticipation, often realized through the separation of predicate from the subject or from predicative by the deliberate introduction between them of a phrase, clause or sentence.

Synecdoche: A figure of speech in which a part is substituted for a whole ('a suit entered the room'), or, less usually, in which a whole is substituted for a part (as when a policeman is called 'the law' or a manager is called 'the management'). See metonymy.

Trope: a general term for any figure of speech which alters the literal sense of a word or phrase: so metaphor, simile and allegory are all tropes, since they affect the meaning of words. In the rhetorical tradition tropes are contrasted with figures, which are rhetorical devices which affect the order or placing of words (so the repetition of a particular word at the start of each line is a figure).

Zeugma: - immediate realization of two meanings of the polysemantic word (or a pair of homonyms) due to the syntactical dependence.