EXERCISE 8 Answer questions about the text
1. What is the best way to put more weight on a bit without increasing deviation?
2. What does the placement of a stabilizer depend upon?
3. What are the purposes of a stabilizer?
4. Describe stabilizer’s disadvantages.
5. What was one of the oldest techniques to straighten the hole and what is the disadvantage of this method?
6. What is the proper method to straighten a hole?
EXERCISE 9 Give the English equivalents to the following word combinations.
1. Drilling
2. Formation
3. Stabilizer
4. String
5. The drill collar
6. Sticking, failure
7. The wings, weight
8. To tend
9. The rotary table
10. To sacrifice
11. The straightening
12. Gradually
13. Sharp bend.
EXERCISE 10 Make up sentences out of two parts from the table:
| 1. For deviation control a single stabilizer … | a) … wall sticking and other problems associated with hole conditions. |
| 2. To some extent the placement … | b) … was to reduce the weight on the bit and speed up the rotary table. |
| 3. The additional stabilizers do help in preventing … | c) … is also dependable on the formation characteristics. |
| 4. Some of the more modern stabilizers … | d) … by reducing bit weight should be done very gradually. |
| 5. One of the oldest techniques for straightening a hole … | e) … is sufficient if it is properly located in the drill string. |
| 6. The straightening of a hole … | f) … have been designed so that the wings do not create a serious hazard in the hole. |
EXERCISE 11 Open brackets and use active or passive form of the verb.
1. Horizontal drilling (to be) __________ a type of drilling in which directional well gradually becomes horizontal.
2. Drilling incidents (to include) __________ oil and gas blowouts, breakage and leaving in a well of drill pipe and casing, drilling bits, down hole engines, pipe string sticking, twist-off.
3. Annular preventer (to design) __________ in such a way that it can close annulus around drill pipe, drill collars or completely close an open well.
4. Well blowout can (to define) __________ as uncontrolled flow of formation fluid under pressure, which may damage drilling equipment and injure maintenance personnel.
5. Production surveys (to perform) __________ to determine production rate of an oil or gas well.
EXERCISE 12 Translate into English in written form.
1. Чтобы контролировать отклонения достаточно одного стабилизатора, если он правильно расположен в бурильной колонне.
2. Дополнительные стабилизаторы не помогают сохранить скважину прямой.
3. С использованием стабилизаторов, важно помнить, что стабилизаторы, как правило, самое слабое место в бурильной колонне.
4. Один из старейших методов для выпрямления скважины было снижение нагрузки на долото и ускорение роторного стола.
5. Скважина будет стремиться вернуться в вертикальное положение без резких перегибов
EXERCISE 13 Read and translate the texts.
TEXT 1
BLOWOUT CONTROL
Hydrocarbon accumulations are becoming more and more difficult to find, and oilmen are drilling deeper and deeper in search for them. In some oilfields the pay zones are about four miles deep. At that depth pressures are extremely high, so there is always the risk of a blowout. A well, which blows out is known as a wild well and forms a gusher.
To prevent a well from blowing out, the mud weight is carefully controlled. The most common material for weighting a drilling fluid is ground barite.
If the bit suddenly enters a high-pressure formation, the weight of the mud column may not be great enough to hold back the pressure of the gas, oil or water in the borehole. Then, there will be a kick; and if the BOP rams cannot be closed quickly enough, the well will blow out. The flow must be then brought under control, so that heavy mud can be pumped to the well through the kill line. In the case of a gas-well blowout, it may be necessary first to divert the gas into a flare pit. The gas is set ablaze in the flare pit in order to prevent an explosion.
Logging the well can provide information, which may help to avoid dangerous situations down hole. Before the logging tools can be run in, the hole must be clean. If there are any tight spots, for example, it may be necessary to make a dummy trip before the drill string is pulled out. In a dummy trip the string is hoisted only a quarter or a third of the way up. Then it is run back to bottom again. In this way the bottom-hole assembly can be used to clean up the well and prepare it for logging.
TEXT 2
WELL DRILLING EQUIPMENT
Rotary drilling technology operations require different in functional assignments machines, mechanisms and equipment. A set of required for well drilling machines, mechanisms and equipment having interrelated operational functions and technical parameters is called a drilling complex. Drilling rig is the core unit in the drilling complex.
Drilling rig is a complex of drilling machines, mechanisms and equipment mounted in the drilling site and by means of drilling tools providing for independent implementation of well construction process operations. Modern drilling rigs include the following components: drilling equipment (traveling block, mud pumps, draw works, swivel, rotor, power tongs, etc.); drilling structures (derrick, substructure, catwalk and pipe-racks); equipment for heavy work mechanization (mechanisms for automation of pipe tripping operations, pneumatic slips, automatic spinner, auxiliary hoist, control stations); equipment for preparation, treatment and regeneration of drilling mud (preparation block, shale-shakers, desanders and desilters, tanks for chemicals, water and drilling mud) and other equipment.