EXERCISE 5 Answer questions about the text
1. What is the common procedure to measure separated oil and gas at the tank battery?
2. Who does the final gauging of a full tank and what is the reason for that?
3. What are the main responsibilities of the lease operator during oil measuring operations?
4. Who usually supplies and maintains the gas metering equipment?
5. Describe how you understand tank topping out.
EXERCISE 6 Are the following statements true or false? Correct the false ones with the right information and discuss your answers with a partner.
1. The lease operator in this transaction represents the producer or seller, and the pipeline gager is the transporter.
2. The oil flow is usually directed into one tank of the lease battery, after which the flow is switched to the filled reservoir.
3. The gas purchaser doesn’t supply and maintain the gas sales metering equipment.
4. When salt-water production occurs with the oil, the accumulated water mustn’t be drained from the stock tanks.
5. It is necessary to transfer any oil emulsified with salt water from the stock tank to a treater to remove water.
EXERCISE 7 Connect the terms with their definitions.
| 1. Corrosion | a) a process of removing water from gas. |
| 2. Dehydration | b) the change of pressure with depth a center where oil from wells is collected. Oil is transported from wells through flowlines and gathering lines first to booster pump stations, which pump it further to oil gathering facilities for metering and treatment. |
| 3. Hydrates | c) a device in the form of a tank designed for separation of oil from gas and water. Separators can be vertical or horizontal, two-phase or three- phase. Some separators are also capable to separate oil from solids due to special filters installed in them. The force of gravity and the centrifugal force are used for separation process. |
| 4. Oil gathering facilities | d) a large diameter pipeline that connects an oil or gas field with a refinery, or transportation terminal and used to transport commercial oil and gas. |
| 5. Separator | e) chemical consumption or wearing away of equipment. Corrosion can be by either inorganic or organic bacteria. Corrosion is caused primarily by oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and chlorides in petroleum drilling and production. Electrochemical corrosion produces a measurable current. Sour corrosion is caused by hydrogen sulfide, whereas sweet corrosion is caused by carbon dioxide and fatty acids. |
| 6. Trunk pipeline | f) snow-like compounds of methane and water. Chemically speaking, a hydrate can be any compound formed by the union of water with some other substance. |
EXERCISE 8 Find the English equivalents in column B to the Russian word combinations in column A.
| A | B |
| 1. Периодическая закачка | a) Gas line |
| 2. Товарная нефть | b) Level controller |
| 3. Газопровод | c) Hydraulic safety valve |
| 4. Гидравлический предохранительный клапан | d) Pipe coating |
| 5. Регулятор уровня | e) Batch treatment |
| 6. Обессоливание нефти | f) Export oil |
| 7. Трубное покрытие | g) Oil desalination |
EXERCISE 9 Read and translate the text.
Oil gathering facilities
At the gathering center, the oil is treated to bring it up to pipeline and refinery specification. Water and dissolved salts can seriously corrode chokes, valves and pipe walls, and must therefore be removed from the crude before it is transported. Dehydration and desalination can be accomplished by electrical method, heating and washing with fresh water.
Reservoir crude also has to be treated to separate associated gas. Natural gas may also require treatment at the gathering center, particularly if it contains water vapor. When high-pressure gas is expanded to a lower temperature, considerable cooling takes place. If the gas contains water vapor, this can cause formation of hydrates, and these may plug chokes, valves and pipelines. The gas is dehydrated in scrubbers.
Trunk lines connect the gathering center to the refinery or tanker terminal. Many kilometers of large-diameter pipeline may be required. Problems inside the lines must be prevented or quickly corrected when they occur.
The devices, which test, log, clean and unblock oil pipelines are known as "pigs". Each type of pig is usually referred to by a special name. One type of pig, for example, is known as a "rabbit". In product pipelines, pigs can be used to separate two or more different oil products, which are being sent at the same time through a single line.