Fig. 1. The structure of ownership
Assignment - the economic relationship between people, which establishes their relation to things like property.
The assignment can be combined with the opposite attitude - alienation. It appears, for example, if a part of the community captures all the means of production, and the other part is, without any means of subsistence.
Property economically realized if it generates income to the owner. Such income is all newly created product or parts thereof, which are obtained through the use of labor and means of production. It may be, for example, profit, tax, various fees.
Official statistics out the following forms of ownership: public, private. Different forms of ownership, operating in the general system of economic relations, cannot be isolated from each other. Overcoming their specificity, they are inevitably intertwined. On the basis of such a weave can occur mixed ownership. The objective basis of this weave - Synergies and use of the specific features that are inherent in each of the specific forms of management.
Economic property relations in modern society are realized in legal forms. The latter determine the relationship of the subject property (the owners) to objects of property.
There are different versions of the classification of property rights. The most common classification by A. Honore ( english lawyer):
1. Ownership, i.e. right of exclusive physical control of goods;
2. Right to use, i.e. the right to use mineral wealth for themselves;
3. The right of control, i.e., the right to decide who and how will provide benefits;
4. The right to income, i.e. the right to have the results of the use of goods;
5. The right of the sovereign, that is, the right to dispose of, lease, alteration or destruction of goods;
6. The right to security, i.e. the right to protection from expropriation and benefits from harm from the external environment;
7. Right to pass on inherited wealth;
8. The right to indefinite possession of good;
9. The ban on use in a manner harmful to the environment;
10. The right to responsible as punishment, that is, recoverability of benefits in payment of a debt;
11. A residual nature, i.e. the right to existence of procedures and institutions that provide a remedy.
Some powers (5, 7) are complementary to each other. Others repeat the elements of Roman law (1, 2). Following (5, 7, 10, 11) form the equivalent of "order", which in theory is the highest continental powers, sometimes called full ownership or full powers of ownership.
Not all of the powers are directly related to the economy. For example: the right to inheritance. Other rules and their implementation maps property in economically functional state - the right of ownership, use and management. The right to income is the most important form of economic realization and economic functioning of the property.
Diversity of ownership in the modern economy
Developed market economy is based on diversity of ownership. This is because market competition involves a large number of market actors. They operate on the basis of different forms of ownership.
History has many different forms of ownership, of which the most important public and private property.
State ownership. In the modern world, in all countries, the government is engaged in economic activities. State ownership is applied in the fields of economy, where the need for centralized management, public investment and where the focus on profitability is not the main goal. This includes such activities, which can function only as a general (whole) - the media, the social and industrial infrastructure, environmental protection, basic science and high-tech manufacturing. State ownership of the whole people. She puts on an equal footing of all members of society in relation to the objects of property. It is indivisible, public property belongs to all together, not as individuals.
Public ownership can serve as a national and municipal or local government property. For example, in the cities are the objects of their life support: water and sewerage, gas, electricity, transportation, housing, schools, hospitals, etc.
Private property. Under it means all non-state ownership. You can find this understanding of private property - absolutely, in no way limited (but the will of the owner) property. In fact, the private owner has the right to make the object of his property all the operations that you see fit, as long as they do not intrude into the sphere of private property of others. The private sector is developing spontaneously, without any instructions from the center, indicating the viability of private property. Private property is a direct basis of other forms of property and various forms of (stock companies, farms). That is, it stands now, not only in the individual, but also in other forms - a collective, group, stock.
Deregulation and privatization in the Republic of Kazakhstan
The main goal of privatization is to create the necessary conditions for the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy. This should happen by personifications of ownership in the process of returning the state of the national population of the republic of property.
Achieving this goal involves the following main objectives:
- Accelerated the formation of market, economic structures, through incorporation of most state enterprises of small and mass privatization of state activities;
- formation of a layer of private owners as efficient businesses;
- create a competitive environment and ensuring the de-monopolization of production;
- development of small and medium businesses;
- implementation of individual projects, the conversion of large and unique economic facilities;
- develop and strengthen the investment structures as subjects of the securities market;
Not be privatized objects exclusive property of the Republic of Kazakhstan - the land, its subsoil, water, air, flora and fauna, natural resources, etc.
Under the main areas of privatization meant complexes privatization methods and forms which are in line with the specifics of each group privatized.
In accordance with the number of employees and the organization conventionally divided into:
- Small enterprises employing at least 20 people;
- Medium-sized companies employing between 200 and 5,000 people;
- Large companies employing over 5,000 people.
Small-scale privatization creates a real basis for the emergence of a broad section of owners who directly provide consumer goods and services market. It covers companies and organizations subject to mandatory privatization, small-sized, employing less than 200 people.
An important feature of small-scale privatization is that the national program provides for the payment by the buyer for the purchased at auction, commercial competitions state property two types of payment, consisting of 50% of privatization of housing codes.
Problems of privatization in Kazakhstan were further resolved in the Presidential Decree of 23 December 1995.
Privatization is the State Committee of the RK on public property and its territorial bodies with ministries, agencies and local authorities. Privatization in Kazakhstan went through three stages.
At the first stage of privatization carried proactive 1991-1992, public authorities have taken a decision on privatization only after the collective enterprise applications for privatization. Feature of privatization at this stage is that the right to choose a primary form of enterprise privatization is the labor collective, which had priority over other applicants.
The second stage of privatization began in March 1993, "National program of privatization of state property in the Republic of Kazakhstan for 1993-1995." The main purpose of privatization was determined to create the necessary conditions for the transition from a centrally planned to a market economy through changes in ownership.
In December 1995, the third phase was initiated by the Presidential decree having the force of law "On privatization," in verse 12. Clause 2 which legalized the transfer of state property in trust with the right to repurchase for 1996-1998. The main aim was to achieve and maintain dominance of the private sector in the economy mainly through the completion of the privatization process of the economy, has implemented a number of reforms.
Denationalization of property - is the transition from a predominantly public-policy regulating production to its regulation based primarily on market mechanisms. It can be done without changing the form of ownership (state-owned enterprises by providing economic independence) and accompanied by a change of ownership (through privatization).
Privatization of property - is the transfer of state property for a fee or free of charge to private ownership.
Methods of privatization:
- Redemption of state enterprises to private persons;
- Rental of state property for a long term private individuals or companies;
- Corporatization of state enterprises.