Form the opposite of the following words by adding the negative prefixes un-, im-, in-, ir-, dis-
usual, advantage, possible, direct, regular, dependence, employment, accurate, polite, rational, moral, expected, connect, practical, convenient.
Make up sentences with these expressions.
in adverse regardless of
be known as sort out
consist of provide with
I'd rather intended for
made of (from) according to
UNIT 6
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
A rapid progress in microcircuit technology enabled the fabrication of LSI (Large-scale Integrated) circuits of a high packing density, but at a sacrifice in their versatility. It is the quest for versatility that has led to the development of a microprocessor (MP).
By the term microprocessor one understands a central part of the computing system, which consists of one or a few LSI circuits performing the functions of an operational arithmetic-logic unit and a control unit, both fabricated on one chip or a few chips. A microprocessor sequentially executes instructions (microinstructions) specified by the program for realizing a definite algorithm.
In the general case, an MP can perform the following: receive coded instructions; collect, process, store, and issue coded information; receive and issue signals controlling the operation of microprocessor and other circuits or specifying their state. The microprocessor, thus, performs the same functions as the processor of a digital computer, but executes fewer commands, from 50 to 100, and deals with shorter words, commonly comprising 8 or 16 bits.
Microprocessors find use in controllers, microcomputers, and microprocessor systems.
The controller is a digital automatic device which realizes a fixed or an adaptive algorithm. This control unit commonly controls peripherals or non-interacting devices according to a specified algorithm.
The microcomputer is a self-contained unit built around a microprocessor set and complete with a soft wave package and input-output channels.
The microprocessor system is a system based on microprocessor sets intended to perform computing, monitoring, and other functions.
At present microprocessors make the building blocks of airborne and ground computers. They service telemetering stations, control manufacturing operations and telephone sets, act as coordinate converters in the peripheral equipment of computing systems, execute standard programs and subroutines, and also find uses in optical recorders, medical equipment, commercial systems, etc.
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
receive, comprise, rapid, state, execute, quest, sacrifice, few, control, command, adaptive.
2. Give antonyms to:
complete, high, definite, same, non-interacting, input, find, microinstruction, receive, peripheral.
Match the words with their definitions.
versatility be made up of.
consist changeability.
sequential carry out.
execute give orders or directions.
instruct following in order, time or place.
device be composed of.
comprise gadget, project, scheme.
Form nouns by using suffixes.
perform, begin, execute, construct, invent, depend, write, free, type, active, move, kind.
Make up sentences with these expressions.
deal with, a quest for
to realize sth in case
find use in based on
lead to sth intend to do sth
UNIT 7
Read and translate the text, reproduce it orally.
Two basic trends are predominant today in the field of microelectronics: one is toward further microminiaturization using improved techniques for the fabrication of each element of the integrated circuit on the chip as a discrete element; the other is toward employing the physical effects in the volume of semiconductors and harnessing these effects to perform the desired functions. The latter trend received the name functional microelectronics.
At present the packing density of LSI circuits comes to nearly 108 elements per chip. A further increase in the scale of integration is likely to continue since the potentialities of electron beam photolithography, plasma etching, and ion implantation will not be exhausted soon. It is the physical factors that impose limits on the scale of integration. Of these, the factor responsible for complications of heat removal is the most serious one. As the size of microcircuits decreases and the scale of integration grows, the problem of heat removal becomes more difficult. In an effort to reduce the heat dissipation in the chip, the design engineer can decrease the power consumption, but only to a certain lower limit at which the circuit must operate properly. The result is a lower packing density. What complicates the problem of heat removal is the fact that with a decrease in the size of a microcircuit, the resistance of conductors grows, so the circuit dissipates more power.
The phenomenon of ion migration in film conductors at high current densities also places a limitation on the packing density and reduces the reliability of circuits.
Besides, radio equipment using many LSI circuits requires multiple redundancy to ensure its high reliability. This leads to a high increase in the number of circuit elements in the device. Integrated electronics today in essence faces the same problems as those which spurred its development at the beginning: the problems of dispensing with the “dominance” of components, simplifying interconnection patterns, and improving the reliability.
The only way to solve the problems is to abandon the classical concept of component-based circuitry design and evolve the devices that would use the properties of solids to perform the functions of, say, a generator, amplifier, etc. in the system. Some devices of this type, called functional units, are already known in practice. A distinguishing feature of these devices is that they have no discernible circuit elements equivalent to the elements in a conventional circuit. The swing to the new trend still proceeds slowly. But there is reason to believe that further progress in microelectronics can be made precisely through the use of functional units.
A search for the ways of evolving functional systems based on the direct utilization of physical phenomena has led to the appearance of new branches of radioelectronics. These are optoelectronics, acoustoelectronics, cryoelectronics, magnetoelectronics, molectronics, and thermoelectronics.
Exercises
1. Give synonyms to:
nearly, beam, exhaust, removal, operate, abandon, design, feature, discernible, proceed, believe, precisely, effect, ensure.
2. Give antonyms to:
the latter, receive, continue, reduce, beginning, simplify, direct, appearance, certain, complicate, decrease.