Требования к уровню усвоения содержания дисциплины 3 страница

2. two main methods

3. various methods

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русские язык.

1. The automatic equipment is being installed in our shop.

2. Radioactive isotopes have been made in nuclear reactor.

3. The construction of this house will be completed in a month.

4. The engineer was asked about the new technology used at the plant.

2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The successes of chemistry made it possible to obtain a lot of new materials.

2. One must apply the material that can be machined easily.

3. It is the energy of falling water that is used to drive turbines.

3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. The operators dealing with radioisotopes must have protective suits.

2. The engineers are to study the problem of using solar energy.

3.Тhе chemical industry is one of the leading branches of our national economy.

4. Russian plants have acquired good reputation abroad.

4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. I think the drawing will be ready by tomorrow.

2 Every substance a man comes to contact with consists of molecules.

5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.

1.To design new buildings is the work of an architect.

2.To measure volumes we must know the dimensions of a body.

3. Our plant was the first to install the automatic equipment.

4. Architects have built houses to be heated by solar radiation.

5. Перепишите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3-й абзацы.

WHAT IS NOISE?

1. No exact definition of "noise" can be given. Because whether we experience sounds as a disturbance or not depends on many things. It is, for example, important to know whether we ourselves cause the noise or whether we have to endure it; whether the noise can be avoided or whether it is unavoidable; whether we are tired or fit. Visitors at a fun-fair enjoy the racket, but people who live close to the fun-fair feel disturbed about it. Passengers in jet-planes accept the din during take-off, but people living close to the airport are disturbed.

2. How strong a noise is and how many sound vibrations there are, is nowa-days internationally expressed in decibels. When you whisper or when leaves rustle there is 10 to 20 decibels. During a normal conversation the noise produced may be about 50 decibels; in crowded streets about 75 or 80 decibels.

3. Our hearing can already be injured when we are exposed to about 85 decibels for a longer period. A group of pop - musicians produce round about 120 decibels and 140 to 160 decibels are produced at the lake-off of a large jumbo-jet plane.

4. During tests on animals it has been proved that noise can be fatal. The Chinese used to torture criminals with noise producing instruments until they dropped dead. Also recently noise has killed human beings directly, damaged buildings, shattered windowpanes, e.g. when a jet passes the sound-barrier.

5.With increasing traffic and expanding industrialization the strain on our ears will certainly increase, too. 1 his will lead to occupational diseases in certain trades, to hardness of hearing, to sleeplessness and such complaints. Therefore we must do everything in our power to protect ourselves against noise.

7. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

Much noise leads to occupational diseases in certain trades. What must we do?

1. insulation of walls

2. to turn radio and TV low.

3. do everything to protect ourselves against noise.

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола-сказуемого (см. образец). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Many 16-storey houses with all modem conveniences are being built in this part of Moscow.

2. The sputniks are used for the research of magnetic fields and cosmic rays.

3. The properties of materials are affected by solar radiation.

4. Scientific and engineering progress opens up wide prospects before man.

1. It is necessary to obtain accurate data on the possibility of living and working in space.

2. The peoples know that their joint efforts can secure peace in the whole world.

3. We had to find new methods of investigation because the old ones were unsatisfactory.

1. A programme for the construction of new types of spaceships is to be carried out this year.

2. We hope that rockets will be used only for peaceful purposes.

3. We had to change the design of this machine.

4. The speed of electrons is almost the same as that of light.

1. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.

2. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radio-telescopes.

1.The Russian science was the first to make great contribution to the development of space technology.

2. In order to make interplanetary nights in the future it is necessary to know factors affecting the human organism.

4. The main purpose of the computers is to solve complex problems quickly.

6. Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2,3 и 5-й абзацы.

LEARNING TO MAINTAIN THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE

1. Approaches to ecology have changed in the West over the past 20 years, moving toward a more responsible use of the environment. This trend is beginning to change things in our country as well. International reaction to the accident with the Komi oil pipeline and the tanker accident near the Shetland islands makes us turn to Western experience.

2. To study the Western experience, a group of ecologists and industrialists from Western Siberia visited the U. S.

3. “It was especially interesting to visit Alaska; Alaska is quite similar to Russia's Tiumen region," said Victor Dolinger, president of the Ecology Committee of Khanty-Mansy district. During the last 30 years Alaska's oil industry used only 0.1 percent of the American territory to provide 25 percent of all U.S. oil output. The technology is simple: a hard icy bolster is built under a bore-hole; this prevents damaging the soil. After work is completed all machinery is dismantled and taken away, leaving the surface ground unharmed. Thus, the ecological balance is maintained.

4. The other good example of an environmentally sound approach could be the Alaska oil pipeline, which is lifted two meters off the ground so that caribou may walk under it.

5. Recently, during the first Russian-American seminar on ecology in Siberia, the director of the Institute of Earth Biosphere, Mr. Melnikov, proposed to the Americans to work out together the concept of a regional, "balanced" development. This involves a region that would be an ecological testing field while opening new industrial areas. The process is ongoing: in Herndon, Virginia, at the Mineral Resources Managing Office, American specialists presented the first drafts of this concept to the visiting Russians.

7. Прочтите 5 абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Из приведенных вариантов ответа укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос:

What was Mr. Melnikov's proposal?

1. the environmental protection

2. to create a nature-protecting company

3. the concept of a regional, «balanced» development

Контрольная работа 4

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Помните, что объектный и субъектный инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям (см. образец выполнения 1).

1.We know Germany to be the second country after Russia to begin using atomic energy for industrial purposes.

2. For a long time, special paper impregnated with paraffin was considered to be the main non-conductor used for manufacturing small capacitors (конденсатор).

3. The metal to be poured into a mold for casting may contract or expand on solidifying.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого (самостоятельного) причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Having done a number of calculations, our astronomers have shown that the basic mass of the galaxies is concentrated outside their visible part.

2. A simple laboratory experiment demonstrating this principle is shown in Fig. 29.

3. Ordinary light entering a crystal of tourmaline, the phenomenon of "selective absorption" takes place.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод условных предложений (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If the computer's electronic memory had recorded all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations from the required parameters would have been produced.

2. If biological experiments are continued, the problem of developing the technology for growing plants in space conditions will be solved.

3. It would be impossible to protect metal from corrosion without the films.

Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 4-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

CORROSION

1. During a year almost 200 million tons of metal objects are considered to be destroyed by corrosion. Considering that about 600 million tons of metal a year are produced in the world, it is easy to understand the losses of objects without which our life could not be imagined.

2. The situation is very serious, because not only metal is destroyed but also a great amount of articles, instruments, and tools whose cost exceeds many times the cost of the metal used for their manufacture.

3. Combatting against the corrosion of metals has now become a key problem in all industrialized countries.

The scientific and technical achievements in the field of raising the corrosion resistance of construction materials are the basis of technical progress in different branches of industry, an indicator of the country's economic potential.

4. A large amount of «anti-corrosion» work is being carried out in Russia. The results are evident: Russia-made inhibitors, varnishes, paint covers are being well known throughout the world. Gas pipelines, metal structures, the bodies of atomic reactors and ships, etc. have been reliably protected against corrosion.

5. Russia also exports special equipment and some kinds of technology designed to weaken corrosion. Anti-corrosion varnishes, paints, insulating materials and equipment are purchased abroad.

5. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What materials weakening corrosion does Russia sell?

ВАРИАНТ 2

1. A number of Russian scientists believe the Tunguska explosion to be caused by meteorite.

2. Samples of semiconductors with improved properties are reported to be

obtained on a new installation.

3. Scientific discoveries to be practically applied in industry and agriculture are paid special attention to.

1. The atomic power plant in Germany starting to produce electricity in 1978 began industrial using of atomic energy.

2. Light and food industries have been modernized, much being done to expand the production of consumer goods.

3. An experiment demonstrating the existence of an ultraviolet and infrared spectrum must be performed.

3. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие сложные предложения. Обратите внимание на то, как переводятся условные предложения (см. образец выполнения 3).

1. If liquids expand upon freezing, an increase of pressure lowers the freezing point.

2. If the metal had been heated slowly, the first changes in its appearance would have occurred at a temperature of 1000 К.

3. It would be impossible to determine the properties of these materials without intensive studies in our research laboratory.

Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

CREATIVE FIRE

1. All the industries today are in need of new methods of joining metals together. And not only metals with metals but also joining metals with glass, plastics and many other materials. The work done by the Paton Institute of Electric Welding is considered to be the solution of these problems. For example, how to weld a 1,000 km-long pipeline? The Institute has developed a machine for welding pipelines. The welding section in each pipe exceeds 100,000 sq. mm. It would take 6-8 hours to perform this work by hand. The machine does it in two minutes.

2. The machine was tested in production conditions, the results being excellent.

3. It would seem strange to compare the steel constructions that produce oil in the Caspian Sea with a space station orbiting the Earth. What do they have in common? But they do - it is the need for making repairs, and repairs mean cutting metal and doing welding work.

4. The rapid development of the oil and other mineral resources of the ocean made the problem of underwater welding especially up-to-date. The equipment developed by Kiev's scientists is very effective. New semi-automatic machines for underwater welding increased divers productivity by 25-30 times.

5. And what about welding in outer space? The scientists understood that welding had to be done in conditions of weightlessness, in nearly complete vacuum and within abroad range of temperatures-from 150°C below to 130°C above zero. The equipment, of course, must be rеliable and safe. And the Institute developed such equipment.

5. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно наследующий вопрос:

What are the conditions of welding in space?

ВАРИАНТ 3

1. The Sun and stars are proved to be able to produce great quantities of energy by means of certain nuclear reactions.

2. For the experiment we need several electrical devices to be connected in series.

3. Lasers are known to have found application in medicine.

1. Measurements of solar radiation reaching the Earth each day make it possible to calculate the surface temperature of the Sun.

2. Having built a new automobile plant, we increased the output of cars and buses.

3. Knowledge being the most valuable wealth of our times, the information theory became of great importance for the national economy.

1. If the gathered data had been presented in time, the results of the experiments would have been different.

2. If you had answered six questions in the competition, you would have won the first prize.

3. It would be impossible to carry on a careful study of the process without the new device.

4.Прочтите, и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите

и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

PYRAMIDS ON MARS?

1. An examination of some of the photos of Mars sent back to Earth by the space researchers Mariner-9 and Viking-1 provokes a question: was Mars once an inhabited planet. A group of Russian scientists from a number of organizations examined the photos and made their conclusions.

2. There were discovered formations which have been interpreted as "a field of quadrangular pyramids". Mariner-9 discovered formations which are geometrically correct structures. Viking-1 photographed something resembling the ruins of Egyptian pyramids. Nine kilometres east of the "city of pyramids" the photograph shows a stone structure shaped like a human head, and a strange dark circle.

3. The analyses and physical modelling of the Martian formations were performed. The Martian surface was compared with that of the Moon, and the shapes of the formations were compared with those of Egyptian and Mexican pyramids.

The small Martian "pyramids" were found to resemble the recently discovered giant pyramids, lying on the seabed of the Bermuda Island and the pyramids, 250 m high, found in the Brazilian Jungle.

4. But they are nothing in comparison to the large Martian "pyramids" measuring up to 1.5 kilometres per side at the base and up to one kilometre in height.

The image of the "Martian sphinx", 1.5 km long and 0.5 km wide, lies strictly along the meridian of the planet.

5. In the opinion of experts, the photographed formations are indeed pyramid-shaped, and the "oval shaped formation "bears a formal resemblance to a head. But all these strange figures are of natural origin.

5. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно наследующий вопрос:

What is the origin of the strange figures seen on the photos of Mars?

ВАРИАНТ 4

1. The crew is reported to have carried out a great deal of scientific experiments.

2. We know the wave theory of light to be first proposed by the English physicist Robert Hooke in 1665.

3. Nearly all refrigerators to be used at home are based upon the principle that the rapid evaporation of a liquid or the expansion of a gas produce cooling.

1. A curve showing the behaviour of metal is given in Fig. 21.

2. About 100 years ago, a French scientist Pierre Curie subjecting certain crystalline materials to pressure, observed that they produced an electric charge.

3. The computer's electronic memory recording all the operator's commands, the picture of deviations was produced.

1. If one looks at his own face in a mirror, the image observed is technically described as perverted.

2. If the service life of the instrument had been prolonged, the economic effect would have been increased many times.

3. It would be impossible to ensure the full supply of energy without atomic power stations.

4. Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

ELECTRONICS AND WE

1. In our country much attention is given to electronics, which is playing a major part in economic development, Russian scientists and engineers have many achievements to their credit in this field. One outstanding example is space.

2. Electronics, however, has not only helped us to reach cosmic expanses but has given us an insight into the world of the most minute organisms - viruses. For instance, a modern electronic microscope shows the processes taking place in ultra-microscopic formations of a living cell. Now it is possible to distinguish details being a millionth of a millimetre away from each other.

3. Electronics is in many ways helping us to solve the problem of the peaceful uses of atomic energy, and to study atomic nuclei and elementary particles. We know electronics to have found broad application in industry as a means of automation, control and inspection, and as a direct means of fulfilling such operations as melting, cutting of superhard materials, welding, etc.

4. The electron beam acting like a micro-miniature instrument can cut, bore, mill or plane any material, including tungsten and diamond, with an accuracy to within microns. Quantum generators can focus light in extremely narrow beams, their angular width being in the order of a thousandth of a degree. These instruments are called lasers and they can be used for cutting, drilling, welding and other treatment of materials.

5. The lasers are also used in studying the properties of various substances, in radioengineering, medicine, biology, etc. Scientists believe that such a beam of light will make it possible to establish contact with the stellar systems closest to our planet.

5. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What branches of engineering and science can lasers be used in?

ВАРИАНТ 5

1. Now we know neutrino to have a rest mass (масса покоя) of about 30 electronvolts.

2. The properties of the new material are known to be determined next month.

3. Conduction is known to be a process by which heat is transmitted through a substance by molecular activity.

4. All the changes of temperature and changes of state to be discussed are shown by a graph in Fig. 2.

2. Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов (см. образец выполнения 2).

1. Working with machines, sharp tools, motors one must always be careful.

2. The stream of electrons moving along the conductor is called electric current

3. Powerful nuclear ice-breakers being built in our country, we began a new chapter in the history of Arctic exploration.

1. If you had translated the article, you could have used valuable data in your work.

2. If the quality of the equipment were higher, the results of the experiment would be more accurate.

3. It would be impossible to explain chemical phenomena without using the laws of physics.

4.Прочтите и устно переведите с 1-го по 5-й абзацы текста. Перепишете и письменно переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

RESCUE FROM SPACE

1. The tests of the international space search-and-rescue system COSPAS-SARSAT have been going on for five years. Its members are Russia, the USA, France and Canada. Specialists believed that all these years would be spent on technically improving the system.

2. But somewhat unexpectedly for its makers the COSPAS-SARSAT system got down immediately to the fulfilment of its direct duties - rescuing people in distress. The first stellar rescuer is known to be Russian satellite Kosmos-1383, equipped with a radio-electronic complex for detecting the signals of ships and aircrafts.

3. Today three satellites - two Russian and one American - are already in operation. The system having demonstrated excellent performance in actual distress situations, we'll continue to cooperate more widely in its application.

4. Soon there will be ten stations for receiving distress information: three in Russia, three in the USA. and one each in Canada, France, Britain and Norway. By 1983 the COSPAS-SARSAT system had already saved 120 people.

5. Considerable attention in Russian space programme is paid to researches aimed at solving problems for national science and economy. A great deal of scientific-technical and medical-biological experiments have been carried out. Numerous data concerning the earth's national resources, the atmosphere and seasonal changes are gathered. Biological experiments with the aim of developing the technology of growing plants in space conditions are continued. These experiments and data are of great practical importance.

5. Прочтите 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

What is the aim of biological experiments carried out in space?

Контрольная работа 5

ВАРИАНТ 1

1. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения глаголов should и would.

1. The engineer should know both the advantages and the disadvantages of the materials used.

2 Without mathematics there would be no science, no electronic computers, no atomic energy, no conquest of space.

3. If we placed this material in vacuum, its mechanical properties would be changed.

2. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, принимая во внимание, что инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The method used depends on the length to be measured.

2. Silicon is known to be the basic material for electronic industry.

3. Any element is characterized by a certain number of protons in the nucleus, this number being the same as me number of electrons in the atom.

4 Scientists today believe all substances to be made of one or more different kinds of atoms.

5. Unless treated this material must not be used in space technology.

3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на различные значения выделенных слов.

1. Radar is used in airplane and ship navigation as well as in other fields of science and engineering.

2. The transformer is a device used for raising or lowering voltage.

3. The new plastics will be used as insulators both in electrical and electronic circuits.

2.Прочтите и устно переведите на русский язык с 1-го по 4-й образцы текста. Перепишите и письменно переведите 1 и 3-й абзацы.

WATCH IT YOUR WAY

by Tobey Grumet

1. Spend just a day or two without television and face the perhaps grim reality that TV saturates our lives. Though we all watch tons of television, how much of what we're watching do we really want to see? Enter Replay TV.

2. Replay TV is truly on-demand television without the costly infrastructure or pay-per-view price. Just a black box you hook up to your television.

3. The idea of video on demand is nothing new. Anyone who has stayed in a hotel and used the Spectravision system has gotten a taste of it. For at least a decade, companies have tested the idea of a system that allows consumers to view something when they want to see it, rather than when it's programmed by some exec. In order to get on-demand programming, the customer paid a set fee for each show or movie he chose. If you wanted to see «Casablanca.» you found it in the menu, pressed a button, watched the movie - and got charged on your cable statement.

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