International Court of Justice
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The International Court of Justice (ICJ), located in the Hague, Netherlands, is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter, the Court began work in 1946 as the
successor to the Permanent Court of International Justice. The Statute of the International Court of Justice, similar to that of its predecessor, is the main constitutional document constituting and regulating the Court.
It is based in the Peace Palace in the Hague, Netherlands, sharing the building with the Hague Academy of International Law, a private centre for the study of international law. Several of the Court`s current judges are either alumni or former faculty members of the Academy. Its purpose is to adjudicate disputes among states. The court has cases related to war crimes, illegal state interference and ethnic cleansing, among others, and continues to hear cases.
A related court, the International Criminal Court (ICC), began operating in 2002 through international discussions initiated by the General Assembly. It is the first permanent international court charged with trying those who commit the most serious crimes under international law, including war crimes and genocide. The ICC is functionally independent of the UN in terms of personnel and financing, but some meetings of the ICC governing body, the Assembly of States Parties to the Rome Statute, are held at the UN. There is a “relationship agreement” between the ICC and the UN that governs how the two institutions regard each other legally.
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1. ООН проводит целенаправленную политику по повышению роли Международного Суда и обеспечению правосудия и верховен-ства права в международных отношениях.
2. Международный Суд — это главный судебный орган ООН и его задача в параметрах (через установление) господства права состоит в разрешении всех (потенциальных) споров между государствами.
3. Господство права — это уровень взаимодействия государств на мировой арене, когда все возникающие споры регулируются Между-народным Судом.
4. Международный Суд как главный судебный орган ООН содей-ствует мирному разрешению международных споров, помогая снять напряженность между государствами и развивать их взаимоотноше-ния на основе права и всестороннего сотрудничества.
UNIT 5. CONTRACTS
Ответьте на вопросы.
1. What is a contract?
2. Have you ever entered into a contract?
3. Decide on items that you think should be included in a contract. Don`t worry about the exact terminology yet.
4. Do you think contracts should be written in plain language so that everybody could get the point or should be comprehended only by legal professionals?
Contract is a legally enforceable agreement between two (or more) parties.
How is a Contract Formed?
Before a contract can be formed, there must be both an offer and an acceptance of that offer. Sounds simple? It`s not; lawyers everywhere have earned millions of dollars in fees arguing just whether or not a valid contract existed.
In common law, contracts are formed in the following manner.
1. an offer in made by a person or corporation normally referred to as an offeror;
2. the offer is then accepted (acceptance) by a person or corporation normally referred to as an offeree.
Let’s reduce what we’ve learned about contracts to a formula:
Offer + acceptance = bona fide (valid) contract
If the parties are (a) competent, (b) mutually agree and obligate themselves regarding a specific subject, and (c) there is legal consideration
The contract is binding (legally enforceable) if only there are these four elements:
1. competent parties;
2. legal subject matter;
3. legal consideration;
4. mutuality of agreement; and
5. mutuality of obligation.
The absence of any of these elements may render (make) a contract unenforced