Suppose he wrote toyou, wouldyou answer?

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Предположим, он написал бы вам, вы бы ответили?

Unless is used in sentences of real and unreal condition.

I shall comein time unless Iam detainedat the Institute.

Я приду вовремя, если меня не задержат в институте. .

Isabel would not have engagedherself to Mr. Hardyman unless she had

beenfond of him. (Collins)

Изабелла не согласилась бы выйти за мистера Хардимена, если бы не

любила его.

N o t e. — Unless has a negative meaning; it corresponds to the Russian если

не. There are cases, however, when the Russian если не cannot be rendered in

English by unless; only if not is possible.

Осторожно переходите улицу, еслине хотите попасть под машину.

Cross the street carefully if you don’twant to be run over.

In this sentence unless would sound ironically (разве что тебе захочется попасть под машину).

Adverbial clauses of condition containing the verbs had, were, could and should are often introduced without any conjunction. In these cases we find inversion.

Hadthe wanderer remainedawake for another half-hour, a strange sight

would have met his eyes. (Conan Doyle)

Если бы путешественник продолжал бодрствовать еще в течение

получаса, его глазам представилось бы странное зрелище.

I should be myself wereIonce again among the heather in those hills.

(E. Bronte)

Я стала бы такой, как прежде, если бы вновь очутилась на этих холмах,

поросших вереском.

Mary would indeed have been grateful, to Miss Dunstable, couldshe have

knownall that lady did for her. (Trollope)

Мэри и в самом деле была бы очень благодарна мисс Данстэбл, если бы

она могла знать все, что эта дама для нее сделала.

Shouldhe comethis way, I will speak to him. (Ch. Bronte)

Если ему случится быть здесь, я поговорю с ним.

The Subjunctive Mood is used in sentences expressing what may be understood as an unreal consequence,the condition of which is not expressed as such.

I suppose you are a stranger in these parts, or you would have heardwhat

happened last autumn. (Ch. Bronte)

Наверно, вы приезжая, иначе вы бы знали о том, что случилось здесь

осенью.

There was no piano... because it would have taken upmuch room.

(Galsworthy)

Рояля не было... так как он занял бы много места.

§ 7. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of purpose.When a clause of purpose is introduced by the conjunctions that, so that, in order that, we find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) if the principal clause refers to the present or future; if the principal clause refers to the past, only the form might is used.

As has already been, stated (see § 3), the mood auxiliary may (might) retains in this case a shade of modality.

She opens (will open) the window that she may (might) geta breath of fresh

air.

She opened the window that she might get a breath of fresh air.

Order a conveyance to be at the door to-morrow evening, rather earlier than is

absolutely necessary, in order that we may be in good time. (Dickens)

Прикажите подать экипаж завтра вечером пораньше, чтобы мы приехали

заблаговременно (чтобы мы могли приехать заблаговременно).

Mr. Micawber impressed the names of streets upon me that I might find my

way back easily. (Dickens)

Мистер Микобер заставил меня запомнить названия улиц, чтобы я легко

нашел дорогу обратно (чтобы я мог легко найти дорогу обратно).

Не got up, cautiously, so that he might not wake the sleeping boy. (Cronin)

Он тихо поднялся, чтобы не разбудить спящего мальчика.

Occasionally the mood auxiliary should is used.

I made shorthand notes of all that she said, however, so that there should be

no possibility of a mistake. (Conan Doyle)

Я сделал стенографическую запись всего, что она говорила, чтобы

исключить возможность ошибки.

If a clause of purpose is introduced by lest the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is generally used.

Lest has a negative meaning (чтобы не).

She opens (opened, will open) the window lest it should be stuffy in the

room.

She... looked steadily at her coffee lest she also should begin to cry, as Anna

was doing already. (Eliot)

Она не поднимала глаз от чашки кофе, чтобы незаплакать, как уже

плакала Анна.

§ 8. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession. Adverbial clauses of concession are introduced by the conjunctions and connectives though, although, however, no matter, whatever, whoever, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary may (might) is generally used.

Though he may (might) be tired

Tired though he may (might) be

No matter how tired he may (might) be

However tired he may (might) be } he will go to the concert.

Как бы он ни был утомлен, он пойдет на концерт.

Whatever obstacles may arise, we shall not give in.

Какие бы препятствия ни, встали на нашем пути, они нас не остановят.

You’re my daughter, Alice. Although you may never admit it, you’re like

me. (Gow and D’Usseau)

Ты моя дочь, Алиса. Хотя бы ты с этим и не соглашалась, ты похожа на

меня.

Remember, the truth, however ashamed of it you may be, is better than any

lie. (Dreiser)

Помните, что правда, как бы вы ни, стыдились ее, лучше, чем любая

ложь.

I must return to the city, no matter what dangers may lurk there. (Dreiser)

Я должен вернуться в город, какие бы опасности ни поджидали меня

там.

...I should like to do some good to you and your husband, whoever he may

be. (Hardy)

Я хотел бы быть полезным вам и вашему мужу, кто бы он ни был.

If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to, that, of, the principal clause the Perfect Infinitive is generally used.

However badly he may have behaved to you in the past he is still your

brother. (Wilde)

Как бы плохо он ни вел себя по отношению к вам в прошлом, он все же

ваш брат.

N o t e. — The Indicative Mood is used in adverbial clauses of concession

when the action or state is considered as an actual fact and not as something

supposed.

C o m p a r e:

Cold though it may be, we shall go to the skating-rink (Subjunctive Mood).

Как бы ни было холодно, мы пойдем на каток.

Cold as it is, we shall go to the skating-rink (Indicative Mood).

Как ни холодно, мы пойдем на каток.

§ 9. The Subjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of time and place after the conjunctions whenever and wherever; in these cases the clauses have an additional concessive meaning.

Whenever you may (might) come, you are welcome.

Когда бы вы ни пришли, мы вам всегда рады.

Wherever she may (might) live, she will always find friends.

Где бы она ни жила, она всегда найдет друзей.

Of course, I shall come for your marriage, whenever that may be fixed.

(Trollope)

Конечно, я приеду на вашу свадьбу, когда бы ее ни назначили.

§ 10. TheSubjunctive Mood is used in adverbial clauses of comparison(or manner)introduced by the conjunctions as if and as though (the latter is more literary).

If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.

She speaks (spoke) about him as if she knewhim well.

Она говорит (говорила) о нем так, как будто она его хорошо знает

(знала).

She greeted him as if he wereher brother. (Galsworthy)

Она поздоровалась с ним так, как будто он был ее братом. Не speaks as if

he knewyou! (Collins)

Он говорит так, как будто он вас знает!

Rex got from his seat, as if he heldthe conference to be at an end. (Eliot)

Рекс поднялся с места, как будто он считал совещание оконченным.

If the action of the subordinate clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.

She speaks (spoke) about him as if she had knownhim for years.

Она говорит (говорила) о нем так, как будто знает (знала) его много лет.

She flushes as though he had struckher. (Shaw)

Она заливается краской, как будто он ее ударил.

She shook hands with him as though they had knowneach other all their

lives... (Trollope)

Они пожали друг другу руки, как будто были знакомы всю жизнь.

§ 11. The Subjunctive Mood is used in predicative clauses:

(a) introduced by the conjunctions, as if, as though, when we find the link verbs to be, to feel, to look, to seem, etc. in the principal clause.

If the action of the subordinate clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the PastSubjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.

If the action of the subordinate, clause is prior to that of the principal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.

I feel as if we were back seven years, Jon. (Galsworthy)

У меня такое чувство, как будто мы вернулись на семь лет назад, Джон.

...now I feel as if you hadnever beenaway. (Shaw)

Теперь у меня такое чувство, как будто вы и не уезжали.

Не looked as if he knewit to be true. (Austen)

У него был такой вид, точно он знал, что это правда.

The house looked as though it hadbeen deserted for weeks. (Wells)

У дома был такой вид, точно в нем уже много недель никто не жил.

It was as if she wereangry with him. (Lawrence).

Похоже было, что она сердится на него.

Karel felt a bitter taste in his mouth. It was as if he had donesomething

wrong. (Heym)

Карел почувствовал неприятный вкус во рту. У него было такое чувство,

точно он сделал что-то дурное.

(b) when the subject of the principal clause is expressed by an abstract noun such as wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. In this case the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used:

Mary’s wish was that... our mother should comeand livewith her.

(A. Bronte)

Мэри хотелось, чтобы наша мать переехала к ней жить.

...his arrangement with them had been that they should meet him at

Plymouth. (Hardy)

Он условился с ними, что они встретят его в Плимуте.

One of the conditions was that I should go abroad. (Swinnerton)

Одно из условий заключалось в том, чтобы я поехал за границу.

§ 12. The Subjunctive Mood is used in subject clausesafter aprincipal clause of the type It is necessary, It is important, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is used for all persons.

It is (was) necessary

It is (was) important

It is (was) right

It is (was) requested

It is (was) recommended

It is (was) obligatory

It is (was) better (best)

It is (was) desirable

It is (was) of vital importance } that he should come

It was necessary that the child’s history should be known to none. (Trollope)

Надо было, чтобы историю этого ребенка никто не узнал.

It was desirable that she... should marrythis earnest, well-to-do and

respectable man. (Hardy)

Было желательно, чтобы она вышла замуж за этого серьезного,

состоятельного и солидного человека.

It is better for these young men... that they should not remainhere. (Dickens)

Для этих молодых людей... лучше, чтобы они не оставались здесь.

It was imperative that she should gohome. (Hardy)

Было совершенно необходимо, чтобы она поехала домой.

§ 13. The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses:

(a) When the predicate of the principal clause is expressed by the verb to wish. If the action expressed in the object clause is simultaneous with that of the principal clause the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.

I wish Iwerea girl again. (E. Bronte)

Я хотела бы быть снова девочкой.

She wished she werefree and could follow them. (Ch. Bronte)

Она жалела, что не свободна и не может поехать с ними.

I wish she feltas I do. (E. Bronte)

Я бы хотела, чтобы она чувствовала то же, что и я.

Не wished he hadsomeone to talk to... (Wilson)

Он хотел, чтобы у него был кто-нибудь, с кем можно было бы

поговорить.

If the action expressed in the object clause is prior to that of theprincipal clause the Past Perfect of the Indicative Mood is used.

Auntie, I wish I had not doneit. (Twain)

Тетя, мне очень жаль, что, я это сделал.

The moment Aileen had said this she wished she had not.(Dreiser)

Как только Эйлин это сказала, она пожалела об этом.

The above examples show that such sentences are often translated by means of как жаль, мне жаль.

The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary would (for all persons) is also used in object clauses after the verb to wish. This form is used only in sentences referring to the present or future; it is possible only if the subject of the principal clause is not the same as the subject of the object clause. It is chiefly used in sentences expressing request or annoyance.

I wish you would staywith me for a while. (Voynich)

Я бы хотел, чтобы вы побыли немного со мной.

I wish the honourable district attorney would mindhis own business.

(Dreiser)

Я бы хотел, чтобы почтенный адвокат не вмешивался в чужие дела.

With the verb to be this form is hardly ever used.

(b) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses introduced by the conjunction lest if in the principal clause the predicate is expressed by a verb denoting fear.

The mood auxiliary should is used for all persons.

She fears (feared) lest she should be blamed.

Она боится (боялась), как бы ее не осудили.

Не trembled lest his secret should be discovered.

Он дрожал при мысли, что его тайна будет раскрыта.

I dreaded lest any stranger should notice me and speak to me. (Eliot)

Я боялась, что какой-нибудь незнакомый человек заметит меня и

заговорит со мной.

After verbs denoting fear object clauses are often introduced by the conjunction that, in which case the Indicative Mood is used, often with the modal verb may (might).

She fears (feared) that she will (would) be blamed.

She fears (feared) that she may (might) be blamed.

(c) The Subjunctive Mood is used in object clauses when we find verbs and word-groups denoting order, suggestion, advice, desire, etc. fn the principal clause. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used.

He orders (ordered)

He suggests (suggested)

He proposes (proposed)

He demands (demanded)

He desires (desired)

He insists (insisted)

He is anxious (was anxious)

He will see (he saw) to it } that everything should beready by 5.

Mrs. Linton insisted that Isabella should goto bed. (E. Bronte)

Миссис Линтон настаивала на том, чтобы Изабелла легла спать.

She (Agnes) proposed to my aunt that we shouldgo upstairs and seemy

room. (Dickens)

Она предложила моей тетушке, чтобы мы пошли наверх и посмотрели

мою комнату.

Mr. Micawber was very anxious that I should stayto dinner. (Dickens)

Мистеру Микоберу очень хотелось, чтобы я остался обедать.

In American English we often find the Present Subjunctive in this case.

...she insisted that they opena bottle of wine and toasthis success. (Stone)

Она настаивала, чтобы они откупорили бутылку вина и выпили за его

успех.

The people demand that the resignation be accepted.(Heym)

Народ требует, чтобы отставка была принята.

§ 14. The Subjunctive Mood is used in attributive appositive clausesmodifying the nouns wish, suggestion, aim, idea, etc. The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should (for all persons) is used.

His wish (suggestion) that everybody should take partin the work was

reasonable.

She had been enormously flattered by his request that she shouldtemporarily

keep his house. (Bennett)

Она была чрезвычайно польщена его просьбой временно вести его

хозяйство.

§ 15. The Subjunctive Mood is also used in attributiveclauses modifying the noun time in the principal clause It is time, It is high time. In this case the Past Subjunctive of the verb to be is used; with other verbs the same meaning is expressed by the Past Indefinite of the Indicative Mood.

It is time we wenthome.

Нам пора идти домой.

It is high time we wenthome.

Нам давно пора идти домой.

It is time we wereoff.

Нам пора идти.

It’s time you learnedyou’re in the army. (Heym)

Вам пора усвоить, что вы в армии.

Now then, children. It’s high time you were washedand dressed.(Mansfield)

Ну, дети, давно пора умываться и одеваться.

The analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should is also possible,

though less common.

It is time we should go home.

It was indeed high time that some one... should cometo the aid of the old

farmer and his adopted daughter. (Conan Doyle)

Уже давно было пора кому-нибудь прийти на помощь старому фермеру

и его приемной дочери.

§ 16. As has already been stated the Subjunctive Mood may be used to express an emotional attitude of the speaker to real facts (see § 1). Here we always find the analytical subjunctive with the mood auxiliary should, which in this case is often called the ‘emotional should’. If priority is expressed the Perfect Infinitive is used.

In this case the Subjunctive Mood is rendered in Russian by the Indicative Mood.

The emotional should occurs in different kinds of subordinate clauses; the principal clause in such cases contains:

(a) An adjective expressing astonishment, incredulity, regret, joy, such as strange, wonderful, unnatural, impossible, fortunate, unfortunate, etc.

It is strange I shouldnever have heardhim even mention your name.

(Austen)

Странно, что я никогда даже не слышала, чтобы он упоминал ваше имя.

It is impossible that she should have saidit.

He может быть (невозможно), чтобы она это сказала (не могла она это

сказать).

(b) A noun with the same meaning: wonder, pity, shame, etc.

He is such a charming man that it is quite a pity he should beso grave and so

dull. (Austen)

Он такой чудесный человек; как жаль, что он такой серьезный и

скучный.

I am sorry you should takesuch needless trouble. (Ch. Bronte)

Мне очень жаль, что вы берете на себя такие ненужные заботы.

Against my will I felt pleased that he should have consideredmy remark

interesting... (Bralne)

Невольно я обрадовался тому, что он нашел мое замечание интересным.

I am so vexed... that such a thing should have been discussedbefore that

child. (Reade)

Мне так досадно, что подобный вопрос обсуждался при ребенке.

I forgive you; but I am so grieved, Davy, that you should havesuch bad

passions in your heart. (Dickens)

Я тебя прощаю, но я так огорчена, Дэви, что в твоем сердце гнездится

столько дурного.

The Subjunctive Mood with the emotional should may also occur in such sentences as:

Why shouldyou and I talkabout it? (Dickens)

К чему нам с вами говорить об этом?

То think this should have comeupon us in our old age! (Hardy)

Подумать только, что на старости лет с нами случилось такое!

I was still busy, when who should come inbut Caddy! (Dickens)

Я была еще занята, как вдруг вошла — кто бы вы думали? — Кэдди!

In sentences of this kind the Indicative Mood is also possible.

Oh! It is strange he never mentionedto me that he had a ward. (Wilde)

It is only wonderful we have seenno living creature there before. (Collins)

...to think that I havebeen so blind! (Dickens)

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