The fastest computers of the world
One of sensations presently is the supercomputer. They can look as a small case, or a curbstone near a table. Business and its requirements for calculations grow, together with it the supercomputer develops also. It differs from the usual computer in additional - processors and hard disks. For increasing of working frequency special processors are used.
They are executed on the logic circuits. The style programming is determined by use of group parallel of processors. We can divide given on a portion between different processors. Each of processor carries out a part of work together with others. During process they exchange the data. Modern supercomputers are expansion. You can add processors for acceleration of
calculation. For the reference to external memory, the processor should use the circuit of transfer of the information. The new computers help the petroleum companies to estimate possible reserves of petroleum and gas, by data processing. They can simulate outflow of raw material from tanks.
The manufacturers of automobiles can imitate an impact of the prototype about a wall. It allows to let out more reliable and powerful production. The supercomputers are used at telephone stations. The orders of steel are to be processed quickly. Consultator, which serves the buyers, enters the applications for a line. They act on processing or immediately, or periodically.
The decisive triumph, can, consists in penetration of multiprocessor architecture into all personal computers.
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COMPUTER SCIENCE
1. Computer science is a part of an applied mathematics. Specialists in computer science say that this field of knowledge is very interesting because it deals with computer-aided-design (CAD) and computer-aided-manufacturing (CAM).
2. Computers are intended to improve the productivity of labour of scientists, designers, engineers, managers, and other specialists, because computers offer quick and optimal solutions. One of the main goals of using CAD/CAM is to shorten the time between designing and manufacturing.
3. Moreover, computers came in our life and to our houses and now we can solve our everyday problems with their help.
4. Computers can be divided into simple and complex devices. Simple computers such as calculators can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. As far as complex computers are concerned they can do different logical operations and some of them even have artificial intelligence.
5. Thus in order to elaborate up-to-date and inexpensive programs as well as to defend them from viruses, it is important to know some programming languages.
6. There are low-level programming languages such as a machine language and an assembly language and high-level programming languages, for instance, FORTRAN, PASCAL, ADA, C, BASIC, etc.
Вариант 3
1. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол сказуемое и определите его временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
1. Scientists have been looking for the substance as a source of energy for many years.
2. Becquerel‘s discovery was followed by the intensive research work of Marie and Pierre Curie.
3. New methods of obtaining polymers have been applied at our plant.
4. The lecturer is listened to with great interest.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждых, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Matter consists of one or a number of basic elements occurring in nature.
2. Unless properly treated the metal can not be used for space technology.
3. While working at a new transmitter for deaf people Bell invented a telephone.
4. The air in many cities has been polluted by traffic and industry.
3. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.
1. The information science gets about other galaxies comes through radioscopes.
2. We know radio and radar systems play a very important role at any airport.
3. Every substance a man comes in contact with consists of molecules.
4. Перепишите предложения их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.
1. Experiments for industrial production of materials in space are being carried out in many countries.
2. A historian has to study a lot of various facts to reconstruct the far past.
3. The quality of these metal parts is to be very high.
4. He does his work in time.
5. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функции инфинитива.
1. High temperature alloys make it possible for jet engines to be operating for a long period of time.
2. In a new Japanese car the information to be received by the driver will come through a navigation earth satellite.
3. There is no doubt that mankind ill be able to explore the solar system by using the nuclear rockets.
4. To design new building is the work of an architect.
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NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
Atoms are known to undergo certain changes, however, which cannot be explained by changes in the configuration of atomic electrons.
H. Becquerel was the first to notice that a crystal of a salt of uranium placed on a photographic plate in the dark affected the plate so that an image of the crystal appeared. He concluded this effect to have been caused by the emission of some kind of ray from uranium.
Shortly after his discovery, the Curies found the intensity of the rays emitted by the pitchblende ore from which uranium is obtained to be greater than would be expected from a knowledge of the uranium content.
The enhanced activity was proved to be due to a previously unknown element radium, which occupies the position below barium in Group II of the periodic table.
It was shown that the rays emitted by radium consist of two kinds of particles, called A-particles and B-particles, and an electromagnetic radiation called Y-rays, having a wave length of the same order as that of X-rays. A-particles have been shown to be the nuclei of helium atoms. They are emitted from radium with a speed of about 15,000 miles per second and are able to penetrate a few cm of air, or very thin aluminium foil.
B-rays are electrons; their speed is about 100,000 miles per second.
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METALS AND NONMETALS
1. There are some distinctions between metals and nonmetals. Metals are distinguished from nonmetals by their high conductivity for heat and electricity, by metallic lustre and by their resistance to electric current. Their use in industry is explained not only by those properties, but also by the fact that their properties, such as strength and hardness, can be greatly improved by alloying them with other metals.
2. There are several important groups of metals and alloys. The common metals such as iron, copper, zinc, etc. are produced in great quantities.
3. The so-called precious metals include silver, gold, platinum and palladium. The light metals are aluminium, berillium and titanium. They are important in aircraft and rocket construction.
4. Many elements are classified as semimetals (bismuth, for example) because they have much poorer conductivity than common metals.
5. Nonmetals (carbon, silicon, sulphur) in the solid state are usually brittle materials without metallic lustre and are usually poor conductors of electricity. Nonmetals show greater variety of chemical properties than common metals do.
6. Metals can undergo corrosion, changing in this case their chemical and electromechanical properties. In order to protect metals from corrosion the products made of metals and steel are coated by some films (coatings). Organic coatings protect metals and steel from corrosion by forming a corrosion-resistant barrier between metal or steel and the corrosive environment.