Косвенная речь в утвердительных предложениях
Чтобы перевести утвердительные предложения из прямой речи в косвенную, нужно сделать следующее:
1) оставить без изменений слова автора, либо поменять сказуемое на say (говорить), tell (сказать), add (добавить), notice (заметить), remark (отметить), explain (объяснить), inform (информировать, сообщить) и т.д., если этого требует смысл;
2) изменить подлежащее придаточного предложения, если это нужно по смыслу (например, заменить I на he или she);
3) согласовать сказуемое придаточного предложения, соблюдая правило согласования времен.
При этом при переводе из прямой речи в косвенную времена меняются в придаточном предложении следующим образом:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| Present Simple (Indefinite) → | Past Indefinite |
| Present Continuous→ | Past Continuous |
| Present Perfect → | Past Perfect |
| Present Perfect Continuous→ | Past Perfect Continuous |
| Past Simple (Indefinite) → | Past Perfect |
| Future Simple (Indefinite) → | Future Simple (Indefinite)-in-the-Past (would do) |
| Future Continuous→ | Future Continuous-in-the-Past (would be doing) |
| Future Perfect → | Future Perfect-in-the-Past (would have done) |
| Future Perfect Continuous → | Future Perfect Continuous-in-the-Past (would have been doing) |
Остальные видо-временные формы остаются без изменений.
4) Заменить указательные местоимения и наречия времени и места следующими словами:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| this, these → | that, those |
| here → | there |
| now → | then |
| yesterday → | the day before, the previous day |
| today → | that day |
| tomorrow → | the next day, the following day |
| ago → | before, earlier |
| last week → | the week before |
| next week, year, month etc. → | the following week, year, month etc. |
Например:
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| She said “I met him yesterday.” Она сказала: «Я встретилась (познакомилась) с ним вчера». | She said that she had met him the day before. Она сказала, что она встретилась (познакомилась) с ним вчера. |
| Nick said ”I am studying English.” Ник сказал: «Я изучаю английский язык». | Nick explained that he was studying English. Ник объяснил, что он изучает английский язык. |
| My friend said “I know this poem by heart.” Мой друг сказал: «Я знаю это стихотворение наизусть». | My friend declared that he knew that poem by heart. Мой друг заявил, что он знает это стихотворение наизусть. |
| Ann said “I will come here tomorrow.” Энн сказала: «Я приду сюда завтра». | Ann promised that she would come there the next day. Энн пообещала, что она придет завтра. |
1. Прочитайте и переведите диалог, обращая внимание на косвенную речь.
Cathy: ...And then Steve said, “I don’t want to see you ever again!”
Janice: No! He didn’t really say that?!
Cathy: He did! He said he’d had enough of the wasting his time and money...
Janice Well! And what did you say?
Cathy: I said I’d never spent a penny of his money and I had plenty of my own.
Janice: Quite right! Then what did he say?
Cathy: Well, he said, “You are a dirty little liar!” He shouted at me and I started to cry!
Janice: I am not surprised! Then what?
Cathy: I said I wanted that he would go away and leave me in peace, and he said that he hoped he would never see me again!
Janice: No! But I thought you were getting married next week.
Cathy: Oh, yes, we are. I’m afraid we do this kind of thing all the time. It doesn’t mean anything.
2. Перепишите следующие предложения в косвенной речи, используя глагол said.
Например:
“My old car has broken down” (Paul)
Paul said his old car had broken down.
1) “I need a new car”. (Paul)
2) “You don’t have very much money.” (Gavin / to Paul)
3) “It’s easy to get credit.” (Paul)
4) “It’s stupid to get into debt.” (Gavin)
5) “You should get a second-hand car.” (Steve)
6) “You can’t trust second-hand cars.” (Paul)
7) “You just have to get it checked by a mechanic.” (Steve)
8) “There is a really nice Honda for sale in Grants Garage.” (Gavin)
9) “I think I’ll have a look at it.” (Paul)
10) “Japanese cars are very reliable and good value.” (Steve)
3. Представьте, что эти предложения были пересказаны в другом месте месяц спустя.
1) I’ll see you tomorrow. She said …
2) I’ll phone you this evening. He said …
3) The letter has been opened. I could see
4) My uncle died last week. He told me…
5) The meat tastes funny. She said…
6) I am leaving now. He told us …
7) My assistant overslept this morning. The manager said …
8) The train leaves at 11.00 tonight. I was told …
9) The computer was reset 5 minutes ago. I was explained…
10) Nobody will know. I thought …
Вопросы в косвенной речи
· Общий вопрос
Чтобы перевести в косвенную речь общий вопрос, нужно:
1) сказуемое say в словах автора заменить на ask, inquire, wonder, want to know и др.;
2) поставить подчинительный союз if или whether, который соответствует русской частице ли;
3) изменить подлежащее, если это нужно по смыслу;
4) изменить вопросительный порядок слов на утвердительный, то есть на первом месте после союза if или whether ставится подлежащее, затем сказуемое в соответствующем времени. В косвенных вопросах во временах группы Simple (Indefinite) вспомогательные глаголы не употребляются.
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| Michael said ”Is Jane from the USA?” Майкл сказал: «Джейн из США?» | Michael asked if (whether) Jane was from the USA. Майкл спросил, из США ли Джейн. |
| The guide said “Have you ever seen the Egyptian Pyramids?” Гид сказал: «Вы когда-либо видели египетские пирамиды?» | The guide wondered if (whether) we had ever seen the Egyptian pyramids. Гид поинтересовался, видели ли мы когда-нибудь египетские пирамиды. |
| I asked Pete “Will you go to the Black Sea or the Mediterranean next summer?” Я спросил Пита: «Ты поедешь на Черное или Средиземное море следующим летом?» | I asked if (whether) Pete would go to the Black Sea or to the Mediterranean the following summer. Я спросил, поедет ли Пит на Черное или Средиземное море следующим летом. |
· Специальный вопрос
Чтобы перевести в косвенную речь специальный вопрос, нужно
1) сказуемое say в словах автора заменить на ask, inquire, wonder, want to know и др.;
2) использовать вопросительное слово what, who, where, when, how, which и др. в качестве подчинительного союза;
3) изменить вопросительный порядок слов на повествовательный. В косвенных вопросах во временах Present и Past Simple (Indefinite) вспомогательные глаголы не употребляются.
4) поставить глагол-сказуемое придаточного предложения в нужную форму в соответствии с правилом согласования времен, и изменить, если это нужно по смыслу, подлежащее.
| Прямая речь | Косвенная речь |
| The teacher said ”Who knows the answer?” Учитель сказал: «Кто знает ответ?» | The teacher asked who knew the answer. Учитель спросил, кто знает ответ. |
| I asked Nick “What are you doing?” Я спросил Ника: «Что ты делаешь?» | I asked Nick what he was doing. Я спросил Ника, что он делает. |
| James said “Where did you go last night, Jane?” Джеймс сказал: «Куда ты ходила вчера вечером, Джейн?» | James asked Jane where she had gone the previous night. Джеймс спросил Джейн, куда она ходила вчера вечером. |
1. Прочитайте и переведите текст на русский язык, обращая внимание на косвенную речь:
James Cameron invited Lady Martha Brainstock, President of the Horticultural (садоводческий) Society to do an interview on the 9 o’clock news on TV6.
When she arrived James persuaded (убедил) her to let the make-up girl (гример) put some make-up on her face, and his assistant asked her if she wanted to drink something before the interview. She refused. When she was ready, James started the interview. He asked her if she was happy about the growth in popularity of the organic movement. Lady Brainstock told him that she was delighted with the enormous increase of knowledge of ecology and in concern with environmental issues among the ordinary people in Europe. Then James wanted to know if she had always been interested in plants and if she had been a keen gardener as a child. Lady Brainstock said that she was afraid that she had come from a very rich family which had employed a gardener, so she had never been allowed to work in the garden and get her hands dirty. James wondered why she had chosen to go into horticulture. She laughed and explained that was exactly why, because she had not been permitted to work with earth when she was a girl, so it was what she wanted to do more than anything. She admitted that she liked flowers more than people!
After the interview James thanked her and said good-bye.
2. В следующих предложениях содержатся ошибки. Найдите их и дайте правильный вариант предложения.
Например:
James Cameron wondered her if she had always loved flowers.
James Cameron wondered if she had always loved flowers.
1) The interviewer asked how old was she when she started growing plants.
2) James asked Lady Brainstock if she wants to put some make-up on her face.
3) The assistant asked her would she like to drink some water.
4) James wondered if her family was rich or not.
5) He wanted to know how had she become an expert in horticulture.
6) He asked her whether had she been to university.
3. Передайте вопросы в косвенной речи. Начните предложения с I wondered или I wanted to know
1. Do they like me?
2. Has the postman been?
3. Can I pay by cheque?
4. Am I doing the right thing?
5. Where do they keep the money?
6. How does she know my name?
7. Is the meeting on Wednesday or Friday?
8. Will it be hot tomorrow?
9. How many pages will you have translated by the evening?
10. Did she study at Oxford University?
11. Have you been waiting for me long?
12. Must I solve this problem?
13. Will she come soon?
14. Did this student pass all the exams?
15. How many countries did she visit last year?