Special Introductory Verbs

come up= 1) (int) be mentioned Your name came up in the conversation.

2) (tr) arise; occur Such an opportunity comes up once in a lifetime,

come up to= 1) (tr) approach A strange man came up to me and asked me for money. 2) (tr) equal; be up to (expectations) He failed to come up to his parents' expectations.

come up with= (tr) find (an answer, solution etc) He came up with a brilliant plan to save the com­pany.

cut across= (tr) take a shorter way Cut across this field if you're in a hurry.

cut back (on)= (tr) reduce (expenses, produc­tion); cut down onWe must cut back on eating out: we just can't afford it

cut in= 1) (int) move suddenly in front of another car A car cut in and forced us to slow down. 2) (int) interrupt Would you mind not cutting in until I've finished speaking?

cut into= (tr) interrupt The children kept cutting into our conversation.

cut off= 1) (tr) disconnect Our electricity was cut off as we didn't pay the bill on time. 2) (tr) isolate (usu places) The flood cut offthe vil­lage for a week.

cut out= (tr) omit Your article is fine provided you cut out the third paragraph. be cut out for/to be= be suited for (a profession)

I don’t think I’m cut out for teaching /to be a teach­er - I haven’t got enough patience.

cut up= (tr) cut into small pieces Cut up the meat for Johnny - otherwise he won't be able to eat it.

do away with= (tr) abolish Most countries have done away with capital punishment.

do down= (tr) speak badly of sb Nobody likes him because he is always doing people down.

do in= (tr) kill He threatened to do her in if she didn't cooperate

do up= (tr) fasten; tie Do up your jacket; it's cold.

do with= (tr) want / could do with a cup of tea.

do without= (tr) live or continue without having sth/sb There’s no Coke left - we'll have to do without.

draw back= 1) (tr) be unwilling to fulfil a promise; pull backAlthough he had promised to help us, he drew back at the last minute. 2) (int) move away On seeing the snake she drew back in terror.

draw in= (int) (of a bus/train) arrive at a station; pull inThe train drew in and the passengers began to get off.

draw out= 1) (tr) encourage sb to be less shy He's very shy; someone should draw him out. 2) (tr) take money out of a bank account He drew out some money to pay his rent.

draw up= 1) (of a vehicle) stop The limo drew up outside the mansion and the millionaire got out. 2) (tr) write out (will, list, contract etc) My grand­father had a solicitor draw up his will last year.

fall apart= (int) come to pieces This book is so old that it's falling apart.

fall back on= turn to sb/sth for help when other plans have failed Keep some money in the bank to fall back on in case something goes wrong.

fall behind= (int) fail to keep up with The compa-ny cancelled my credit card when I fell behindwith my payments.

fall for= 1) (tr) fall in love with sb George fell for Mary at first sight. 2) (tr) be deceived Everybody fell forthe conman's

fall in= (int) collapse I'm afraid the roof will fall inif an earthquake hits the area. fall in with= (tr) agree with All members of the committee fell in withhis suggestion to build a new hospital.

fall into= (tr) 1) bidivided into (categories) This novel falls intothe category of historical adven-ture. 2) (tr) begin; enter a state / fell intoconversation with an interesting man on the train.

fall on= 1) (tr) attack The raider fell on the policeman. 2) (tr) eat hungrily The children fell onthe cake and ate all of it.

fall out (with)= quarrel She fell out withPeter because he came home late. fall through= (int) fail to be completed Our plans fell throughdue to lack of money,

get across= (tr) successfully communicate ideas The teacher gothis message across by using dia-grams and photographs.

get along= (int) continue despite difficulties She is getting alongfine despite all her problems.

get along with= (tr) be on friendly terms;

get on withThey get along witheach other despite their differences.

get at= (int) mean / don’t know what you’re getting

get away with= (tr) escape punishment for a wrongful, illegal act He got away with a fine of only $5.

get back= (tr) recover possession of She managed to get backthe ring she hadlost two months before.

get down= 1) (tr) swallow with difficulty I can't getthis steak down.It's very tough. 2) (tr) depress This rainy weather getsme down. get down to= (tr) start doing sth seriously It's time you got down tolooking for a better job.

get on= 1) (tr) enter (bus, train etc) Get on the bus before it starts. 2) (int) make progress He's getting on well at school.

get on with= (tr) be on good terms with She getson well with her friend Lucy.

get out= (int) (of news) become known How did the news of his promotion getout?

get over= (tr) recover from He's trying hard to getover the death of his wife.

get round= (tr) persuade; bring roundWe even­tually gothim roundto our point of view.

get round to(tr) = find time to do sth I haven't gotround towriting that letter yet get through= 1) (tr) finish (a piece of work) I've got to get throughthis chapter before I go out 2) (int) go on living through difficult times How can old people get throughthe cold winters?

get through to= (tr) reach by phone Did you get throughto your dentist or will you call him later? getup = (int) rise from bed What time did you getup today?

Give away= 1) (tr) reveal Promise not to give away my secret

2) (tr) give sth free of charge She gave awaymost of her clothes to the poor.

give back= (tr) return Give me hackthe money or I'll sue you.

give in = (int) surrender; yield He finally gaveIn and admitted he was wrong.

give off= (tr) emit (smells, heat, fumes etc) The radiators give offlots of heat

give out= 1) (int) come to an end Their supplies gave out halfway through the climb. 2) (tr) distribute They were giving outfree samples of the new shampoo at the supermarket.

give up = 1) (tr) abandon an attempt/habit He gave up smoking last year and hasn't smoked since. 2) (tr) surrender The thieves gavethemselves up to the police.

go after= (tr) pursue Tne policeman went after the thief and caught him.

go ahead= (int) be allowed to happen Although several members were absent, the board meeting went ahead as planned.

go away= (int) stop; cease If you take an aspirin, your headache will go away.

go back on= (tr) break a promise/agreement. Although he had promised to help us, he wentback on his word.

go by= (tr) base one's ideas on You shouldn't go, by what he says - he always exaggerates.

go down with= (tr) become ill John has gone down with the flu.

go for= 1) (tr) attack A big Alsatian wentfor my little dog. 2) (tr) apply for (a job) Why don’t you go forthis marketing job? You may get it.

go in for= (tr) take part in (a competition) She went in for the baking competition and won first prize

go off = 1) (int) explode (bomb) The bomb went off, killing 10 people. 2) ring (alarm) When the alarm went off she woke up and got out of bed. 3) (int) (of food) spoil The milk has gone off; it smells terrible.

go on = 1) (int) continue; carry on Go on, finish what you were saying.

2) (int) happen A large crowd gathered to see what was going on.

go out = (int) stop burning Put some coal on the fire before it goes out. go over = 1) (tr) examine details; go through The police went over/through the evidence many times trying to come up with something. 2) (tr) repeat Go over the details again please. I wasn't following you.

go round = 1) (int) be enough for everyone to have a share There's enough food togo round. 2) (int) (news/disease) spread; iirculate; get round The news went round very quickly.

go through = 1) (tr) experience She went through a painful time when her mother died.2) (int) (of a deal/arrangement) be completed with success Has the sale of your flat gone through yet?3) (tr) discuss in detail They went through his suggestions again before making a decision.

go up = (int) rise (price) The price of cigarettes went up again yesterday.

go with = (tr) match This jumper really goes with your skirt.

go without = (tr) endure the lack of sth; do without Since they had run out of lemonade, they had to go without.

hold back = 1) (tr) control (tears, laughter) She tried to hold hack her tears and not cry in front of her mum. 2) (int) hesitate Don't hold back; take the opportunity while it's there.

hold in = (tr) restrain He held his anger in and didn't shout at the boy. hold off = (int) keep at a distance The police held off the crowd until the troops arrived.

hold on = (int) wait (esp on the phone) Please hold on; Mr Mathews is on the other line.

hold out = 1) (int) last The food supplies won't hold out until Monday so we'll have to find some food before then. 2) (int) persist The minersheld out for 18 months before they called off the strike.

hold to = (tr) follow exactly; keep to (a promise etc) Whatever you say, I'll hold to my opinion.

hold up = 1) (tr) delay Sorry we're late; we were held up in traffic.

2) (tr) use violence in order to rob The robbers held up the train and stole £22,000.

keep after = (tr) continue to pursue The police kept after the escaped prisoners until they caught them.

keep away (from) = (tr) stay away Sne had to be kept away from school as she had measles.

keep back = (tr) conceal How did she manage to keep back her true feelings?

keep down = (tr)cause to remain at a lower level The government is trying to keep pricesdown.

keep in= (tr) make sb stay indoors (as punishment) benches. The paint is wet.

keep on= (int) continue despite difficulties Although he failed his test, he kept onstudying and retook it in May.

keep out = (tr) exclude sb/sth He looked the gate to keep out unwanted visitor.

keep up (with) = (tr) stay at the same level as ' sb/sth Despite being ill he kept up with his work and passed the exam.

keep up with = (tr) continue to be informed He reads a newspaper every day tokeep upwith the news.

let down = 1) (tr) (of clothes) lengthen (opp: take up) I need to let down my skirt; it's too short. 2) (tr) disappoint He let me down by lying to me. let in(to) = allow sb to enter a place They let us into the room after we showed them our invitation card.

let off =(tr) not to punish The policeman let him off without arresting him.

let on= (int) reveal a secret He let on that she had stolen the money.

let out = 1) (tr) release He was let out of prison after 10 years. 2) (tr) (of clothes) make larger (opp: take in) I have to have my trousers let out; I've gained several kilos.

let up = (int) become less strong The boats won't sail until the strong winds let up.

look after = (tr) take care of My mother looks after my son when I'm working.

look back (on) = (tr) consider the past My grand­father looks back on his army days with pleasure.

look down on= (tr) despise (opp: look up to)She looks down on John because he isn't rich.

look forward to= (tr) anticipate with pleasure I'm really looking forward to my brother's wedding.

look in on sb= (tr) pay a short visit to /'// look in on my mother on my way home.

look into= (tr) investigate The police are looking into the case of the muggled diamonds.

look on= (int)observe' He was just looking on while the other two were playing.

look out= (int) be careful Look out! There's a car coming.

look out for= (tr) be alert in order to see/find sb/ sth When you're cleaning the flat, please look out for my silver earring. I lost it somewhere.

look over= (tr) examine carefully; go throughThe judge looked over the evidence before pass-ing judgement.

look round= (tr) inspect a place He looked round many houses before he settled on this one.

look through= (tr) look at quickly Look through these books and see if you want any of them.

look up= (tr) look for sth in an appropriate book/list Get the telephone directory and look up the number of the shop.

be made for = suit exactly Buy this dress - it's sim­ply made for you. make for= (tr) go towards It's late. Let's make for home as quickly as possible.

make out= 1) (tr) distinguish / car't make out what the name on the bell is. 2) (tr) write out; fill in Please make the cheque out to Norman Brothers Ltd.

make over= (tr) give possession of sth to sb else Before their uncle died he made over his whole estate to them. make up = 1) (tr) invent That is not true; she made the whole thing up. 2) (tr) put cosmetics on She made herself up before she went out. 3) (int) reconcile Thank goodness they've made up after their quarrel.
make up for= compensate The good summer weather is making up for the bad winter.

make up one's mind=decide She can't make up her mind whether to go to Turkey or India.

pass away = (int) die I'm sorry to tell you your aunt passed away last night.

pass off as= (tr) pretend to be sth/sb else successfully She passed herself off as a police officer in order to get into the building.

pass out= (int) lose consciousness He passed out from the fumes, and it took them some time to bring him round.

pay back= 1) (tr) return money owed I promise I’ll pay you back as soon as I get paid. 2) (tr) take revenge on sb / promise I'll pay you back one day for what you did to my family.

pay down= (tr) pay part of the price for sth and the rest over a period of time We paid £100 down and the balance over a period 6 months.

pay for= (tr) receive punishment All criminals should pay for their crimes.

pay off= (tr) pay sb to leave employment They paid off all their senior management in an attempt to restructure the company. payup= (tr) pay (a debt) in full As I hadn’t paid my monthly instalments the company requested me to pay up the balance.

pull down= (tr) demolish They pulled down the old building as it was dangerous.

pull in=(inf) (of trains) arrive (opp: pull out)The train from Dublin is due to pull in at 5.30 pm.

pull oneself together =bring ones feelings under control Although she was tired, she pulled herself together and continued working.

pull through= (int) succeed despite difficulties ft all employees work harder, the company will def­initely pull through.

pull up = stop The jockey pulled the horse up as it had an injured leg.

put aside/by= (tr) save He puts aside £50 amonth for his summer holidays

put across= (tr) communicate successfully; getacross/over The lecturer managed to put his ideas across to the audience. put away= 1) (tr) store Put the toys away in the cupboard. We’re expecting guests tonight. 2) (tr) put sb into prison/mental hospital The murderer was put away for 10 years.

put down= 1) (tr) write down; take downMake sure you take down everything said at the meeting. 2) (tr) suppress focibly The police try to put down riotin at football matches.

put down to= (tr) attribute to She puts her recent success down to hard work and dedication.

put forward= (tr) propose He put forward a new plan to help decrease unemployment.

put off= (tr) postpone The meeting was put offdue to the president's illness.

put on= 1) (tr) dress oneself in Put onyour coat and come with me. 2) (tr) increase (in weight) He has put on weight since he stopped smoking. 3) (tr) cause to take place (show/performance) They are putting on “My Fair Lady” on Broadway next month.

put out= (tr) extinguish (fire etc) The firefighters put out the fire quickly.2) cause trouble / hope I'm not putting you out by asking you to do this.

be put out= be annoyed She was put outby his bad behaviour.

put through= (tr) connect by phone Can you put me through to Mr Jones, please?

put up= 1) (tr) erect; build They’ve put up a statue in the square. 2) (tr) offer hospitality When you are in town, I'll put you up in my flat. 3) (tr) show in a public place The WWF has put up posters all round the city.

put up with= (tr) tolerate / won't put up with such rude behaviour any longer.

run across/into= (tr) meet/find by chance She ran across an old friend while on holiday. run after = (tr) chase The dog ran after the cat.

run away with= (tr) steal The thieves ran away with £ 15,000,000 from the bank.

run down= 1) (tr) knock down (with a vehicle); run over The old man was run down/over by a bus. 2) (tr) speak badly of sb You shouldn't rundown your sister; you've got no reason to criticise her.

runin = (tr) bring a new car engine into full use (by driving it slowly for a set period) I can’t go any faster; I’m running the car in.

run off= (tr) make prints/copies Can you please run off 100 copies for me?

run out of= (tr) no longer have a supply We’ve run out of coffee. Could you buy some when you 90 out?

run through = 1) (tr) use up It's unbelievable; he has run through all his money already. 2) (tr) rehearse, check or revise quickly Let's run through the last scene once more.

run up= (tr) accumulate He ran upa huge debt on his credit card which he couldn't pay off.

run up against= (tr) encounter (difficulties/oppo­sition) He ran up against difficulties when he tried to enter the country without a visa.

see about= (tr) deal with; see to/ see about the food if you get the table ready.

see off= (tr) accompany a traveller to his/her plane, train etc When she left for Berlin her parents saw her off at the station.

see out= (tr) accompany sb to the door/exit of a house/building Don't bother to see me out, I can find my own way.

see over= (tr) inspect a place; look roundCan I see over the flat before I make my decision?

see through= (tr) not be deceived He was such a poor liar that they saw through him at once.

set about= (tr) begin to do He set aboutfixing the door while she cleaned the house.

set aside = (tr)save for a special purpose She sets aside£20 a week to buy a car. 2) (tr) stop sfh tor some time; set byShe had to set the report aside until she had dealt with the correspondence.

set back= 1) move the hands of a clock /watch to show an earlier time We usually setthe clocks back one hour at the beginning of autumn. 2) (tr). hinder The fire has setour plans back.

set in= (int) (of weather) start and seem likely to continue The rain seems to have set in.

set off/out= (int) start a journey We'll set off/outfor the airport at 6 am. set on= (tr) (cause to) attack He threatened to setthe dogs on us if we didn't leave.

set sb up= (tr) cause sb to receive blame Although he knew someone had set him up, he couldn't prove it.

set to= (int) begin working hard Get the duster and set to; there's lots of work to do before our visitors arrive.

set up= 1) (tr) start a business He left his job to set up his own business 2) (tr) establish (a record etc) He set upa new record time for the men's championship.

stand by= 1) (tr) support sb, esp in difficulties / stand by you, whatever happens. 2) (int) be ready for action The army was standingby in case war broke out.

stand for= 1) (tr) represent Do you know what UFO stands for? 2) (tr) tolerate; put up withWe won’t stand forhis , rude behaviour any longer. stand in for= (tr) replace sb temporarily Since John is ill I’ll stand in for him tonight at work.

stand out= (int) be noticeable She really standsout wearing that pink suit.

stand up= 1) (int) rise to one's feet Stand up and come over here. 2) (tr) fail to meet We were supposed to meet at 11.00 but he stoodme up.

stand up for= (tr) support You ought to stand upfor your friends when people criticise them.

stand up to= (tr) resist The building has been reinforced to stand up toearthquakes.

take after= (tr) resemble She takes afterher mother. She looks and acts just like her.

take away= (tr) remove May I take awaythe dirty dishes now?

take back= (tr) apologise He took backhis remarks about her cooking because she was obviously upset.

take for= (tr) identify wrongly Sorry, I tookyou foryour brother. I always mix you up.

take in= 1) (tr) give accommodation Seaside villagers often take intourists as paying guests. 2) (tr) make clothes narrower (opp: let out)Now that I've lost weight I should takemy clothes in. 3) (tr)fully understand Did you take inwhat I said or should I repeat it?

take off= 1) (tr) remove clothes (opp: put on) Take off this dirty dress and I'll wash it for you. 2) (int) (of planes) leave the ground (opp: come down)We saw the plane take offand disappear
into the clouds. 3) (tr) imitate He's good at taking offfamous people. 4) (tr) (of time) take time as a holiday He took three days offwork to go and see his parents.
take on= 1) (tr) undertake work/responsibility He took onan extra class as the previous teacher had quit. 2) (tr) employ They decided to take ontwo extra assistants during the Christmas rush.

take out= 1) (tr) remove The dentist took outmy bad tooth. 2) (tr) clean (mark, dirt) Use this spray to take outthe stain.

take over= (tr) gain control of sth She’ll take overthe company when her father retires.

take to= 1) (tr) begin a habit I don’t know why she’s taken tobiting her nails. 2) (tr) like She has really taken toher nephew and always buys him expensive presents.

take up= 1) (tr) begin a hobby, sport, job When he retired, he took upsailing as a hobby. 2) (tr) fill (time, space) This sofa takes upmost of the living room.

be taken aback= be strongly surprised We were taken abackwhen they said they were getting mar­ried. No one expected it.

be taken in= (tr) be deceived She was taken in by the conman and bought a fake insurance policy.

turn away= (tr) refuse admittance They tried to enter the pub but they were turned awayat the door.

turn down= 1) (tr) refuse an offer He proposed to her but she turnedhim down.2) (tr) reduce loudness (opp: turn up)Could you turndown the radio a little? I can't hear him on the phone.

turn in= 1)(int) go to bed Its late and I’m tired. I’d better turn in.2) (tr) give to the police They turnedthe fugitive into the police.

turn off= (tr) switch off (opp: turn on) Turn off the oven before you leave.

turn out= 1) (tr) produce Our factory turns out100 cars a day. 2) (int) prove to be He turned outto be the onewho had stolen the money.

turn over= (int) turn to a new page; change the TV channel Now children, turn overto the next page.

turn to= 1) (tr) go to sb for help/advice When I’m in trouble I always turn tomy brother. 2) (tr) begin (a way of life or doing sth) Why did he turn to drinking in the first place?

turn up= 1) (int) arrive or appear (unexpectedly) He finally turned upat the meeting an hour late. 2) (int) (of an opportunity) arise When a better job turned upshe seized the chance and applied for it.

wear away= (tr) (of wood/stone) reduce gradual­ly We couldn't make out the names on the grave­stone because the letters had been completely worn away.

wear down= (tr) reduce opposition gradually A few weeks in solitary confinement will wear downthe prisoner's resistance.

wear off= (int) stop gradually Your nervousness will wear offwhen the exams are over. wear out= 1) (tr) exhaust I’ve worked so hard today, I’m worn out. 2) (int) use until no longer serviceable We’ll have to replace this plug - it is completely worn out.

work on= (tr) have an effect on We have to check this new drug to see how it works onanimals. work out= 1) (tr) find a solution to a problem by reasoning or calculation I'm sure we can work out,our problems if we talk about them. 2) (int) develop successfully I hope things will work outwell for you in your new job.

work up= (tr) develop I’ve been walking all day so I’ve worked upa really good appetite.

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