Modals important for politeness
* offers
Can I... ? Could I... ? I can ... I could ... Would you like ... ? Can I help you with your hags? Would you like to sit here?
*requests
Can I... ? Could I... ? Can you ... ? Could you ... ? Would you ... ? Could I borrow your pen for a moment? Would you show me how to use this machine, please?
* polite suggestions
You could ... / We could ...
I think we should ...
You could take the train - it's very fast.
I think we should travel first class.
* permission
Can I... ? May I... ? (more formal)
You can I You may
Can I / May I smoke in here? Yes, you can.
Modals of possibility
* certainty will / won't
It's late -I won't have time to read the report tonight.
* possibility / uncertainty
may, might, could, may not, might not
We could have problems with transport. We may not arrive in time for the meeting.
Note: to express uncertainty in the future, we use may not or might not
We may not / might not make a profit next year.
* ability can / can't, could / couldn't (past)
I can't read this. It's too small.
I couldn't understand the report; it was too difficult.
Modals of obligation
* advice
You should I You shouldn't... (stronger) You must / You mustn't... (very strong) You should talk to our accounts manager -she can help you.
You mustn't leave London without visiting
the Tower!
* personal rule must / mustn't
I must try to get to work earlier.
* general rale have to
Do you have to have a visa to travel to Russia?
11 * necessary need to
We need to plan our next sales conference soon.
* not necessary
don't have to / don't need to
You don't have to have a visa for the UK.
You don't need to write a letter - you can phone.
* not allowed mustn't
You mustn't leave your car in front of the hotel - it's a no parking area
Comparatives and superlatives
Forming comparative adjectives
* short adjectives (one syllable) + -er The new model is cheaper.
*short adjectives ending -у у + -er
The client is happier with the new design.
* longer adjectives (two or more syllables) more I less + adjective I think this coat is more fashionable.
*irregular comparative forms good - better bad - worse far -further
The new design is worse than the old one. The other restaurant is better - but it's further away.
Use
* to show difference
A is bigger than B
В is not as big as A
The V8 is faster than the V6.
The V6 isn't as expensive as the V8.
* to show similarity A is as big as В
This year's sales are as good as last year's.
Forming superlative adjectives
* short adjectives (one syllable) the + adjective +
-est This laptop is the smallest one on the market.
* short adjectives ending -y
(the) + adjective у + -iest
That was our busiest week of the year.
* longer adjectives (two or more syllables) (the) most I the least + adjective It's the most beautiful dress in the show. This is the least expensive model you can buy.
* irregular superlative forms good - best had- worst far -furthest
Which photo do you think is best for our advertisement?
Arriving late is the worst thing you can do. My desk is the one that is furthest from the window.
Adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives describe or qualify nouns He's an excellent manager. The lunch was delicious.
| Word order | |
| * In front of the noun | |
| This is an easy task. | |
| where there are several adjectives | |
| size colour material | noun |
| a large black leather | bag |
* after some verbs: be, become, seem, feel The quality is good. The company is becoming profitable. I feel tired.
Adverbs
* go with verbs to describe how you do something, or how often you do something She works efficiently. I often check share prices on the internet.
Adverbs that tell you how often: sometimes, often, usually, rarely, occasionally, frequently, generally, normally, always, never
Forming adverbs from adjectives
* most adjectives: + -ly slow - slowly large - largely
* adjectives ending in -y + -ily steady - steadily
* adjectives ending in -ic: + -ally automatic - automatically
* adjectives ending in -able: change ending to -ably reasonable – reasonably
Word order
adverbs that tell you -how
- follow the verb
- follow any object in the sentence
Sales rose rapidly. He spokeEnglish well.
adverbs that tell you how often, as well as adverbs of certainty and uncertainty, can go:
- in front of the main verb
- between the first part of the verb and the main verb
- at the beginning or end of the sentence
I often work till 6 o'clock. I don't often travel abroad. The price will definitely rise. Sometimes prices go down.
Література
1. Christine Jonson. Intelligent Business. Pre-Intermediate. – Longman, 2008
2. Tonya Trappe, Graham Tullis. Intelligent Business. Intermediate. – Longman, 2008
3. Evan Frendo, Sean Mahoney. English for Accounting. – Oxford, 2007
4. Graham Tullis, Tonya Trappe. New insights into business. – Longman, 2000
5. John Allison with Paul Emmerson. The Business. – Macmillan, 2007
6. Jon Naunton. Head for Business. Intermediate. – Oxford, 2000
7. Nick Brieger and Simon Sweeney. Early Language of Business English. Grammar and Functions. – Prentice Hall, 1997
8. Simon Sweeney. Test Your Professional English. Finance. – England, Harlow, Edinburgh Gate, Pearson Education Limited, 2007
9. Sue Robbins. First insights into business. – Longman, 2000
10. Верховцова О.М. Making a new start. – Вінниця, 2002