Give the annotation of the text HOW WiFi PHONES WORK using phrases from APPENDIX 3.

LOOK IT UP! ?

Find in the dictionary definition of each word.

highway
to lower
solution
to sprinkle
to dissolve
brine

DID YOU KNOW? ? S

WHY DO THEY USE SALT TO MELT ICE ON THE ROAD IN THE WINTER?

We live in a place that has lots of snow and ice in the winter, and you have probably seen the highway department spreading salt on the road to melt the ice. Salt lowers the freezing/melting point of water, so in both cases the idea is to take advantage of the lower melting point.

Ice forms when the temperature of water reaches 0 degrees Celsius. When you add salt, that temperature drops: A 10-percent salt solution freezes -6 C, and a 20-percent solution freezes at -16 C. On a roadway, this means that if you sprinkle salt on the ice, you can melt it. The salt dissolves into the liquid water in the ice and lowers its freezing point.

If you ever watch salt melting ice, you can see the dissolving process happen - the ice immediately around the grain of salt melts, and the melting spreads out from that point. If the temperature of the roadway is lower than -9.44 C or so, then the salt really won't have any effect - the solid salt cannot get into the structure of the solid water to start the dissolving process. In that case, spreading sand over the top of the ice to provide traction is a better option.

When you are making ice cream, the temperature around the ice cream mixture needs to be lower than 0,00 C if you want the mixture to freeze. Salt mixed with ice creates a brine that has a temperature lower than 0.00 C. When you add salt to the ice water, you lower the melting temperature of the ice down to -17.78 C or so. The brine is so cold that it easily freezes the ice cream mixture.

FACT BOX

Celsius (also known as centigrade) is a temperature scale that is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744), who developed a similar temperature scale two years before his death. From 1744 0 °C was defined as the freezing point of water and 100 °C was defined as the boiling point of water.

GIVE THE SUMMARY OF THE TEXT /

Use phrases from APPENDIX 3.

SECTION B.

COUNTRIES

RUSSIA

Russia, officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation, is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. Russia shares land borders with the following countries: Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (via Kaliningrad Oblast), Poland (via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. At 17,075,400 square kilometres, Russia is, by far, the largest country in the world, covering more than an eighth of the Earth’s land area; with 142 million people, it is the ninth largest by population. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning 11 time zones. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's unfrozen fresh water.

Throughout much of the territory there are only two distinct seasons — winter and summer; spring and autumn are usually brief periods of change between extremely low temperatures and extremely high. The coldest month is January, the warmest usually is July. Great ranges of temperature are typical. A small part of Black Sea coast around Sochi has a subtropical climate.

The Russian Federation was founded following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. It is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the world's largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction. Russia is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G8, APEC and the SCO, and is a leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.

The Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik and the Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human being to orbit the Earth aboard the first manned spacecraft, Vostok.

The Russian Constitution grants a universal right to higher education free of charge through competitive entry. The Government allocates funding to pay the tuition fees within an established quota, or number of students for each state institution. This is considered crucial because it provides access to higher education to all skilled students, as opposed to only those who can afford it. In addition, students are paid a small stipend and provided with free housing. However, the institutions have to be funded entirely from the federal and regional budgets; institutions have found themselves unable to provide adequate teachers' salaries, students' stipends, and to maintain their facilities.

The Russian Constitution guarantees free, universal health care for all citizens. But in practice, free health care is restricted due, for example, to propiska regime. While Russia has more physicians, hospitals, and health care workers than almost any other country in the world on a per capita basis, since the collapse of the Soviet Union the health of the Russian population has declined considerably as a result of social, economic, and lifestyle changes.

The Russian Federation is a diverse, multi-ethnic society, home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Though Russia's population is comparatively large, its population density is low because of the country's enormous size. Russia's 160 ethnic groups speak some 100 languages. Over a quarter of the world's scientific literature is published in Russian. The language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism are Russia’s traditional religions, deemed part of Russia's "historical heritage" in a law passed in 1997. Russian Orthodoxy is the dominant religion in Russia. 95% of the registered Orthodox parishes belong to the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the vast majority of Orthodox believers do not attend church on a regular basis. Nonetheless, the church is widely respected by both believers and nonbelievers, who see it as a symbol of Russian heritage and culture.

Russian literature is considered to be among the most influential and developed in the world. Russia's literary history dates back to the 10th century and by the early 19th century a native tradition had emerged, producing some of the greatest writers of all time. This period and the Golden Age of Russian Poetry began with Alexander Pushkin. It continued in the 19th century with Anton Chekhov, Mikhail Lermontov, Leo Tolstoy, Nikolai Gogol, Ivan Turgenev and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Ivan Goncharov, Mikhail Saltykov, Aleksey Pisemsky, and Nikolai Leskov made lasting contributions to Russian prose.

GREAT BRITAIN

Great Britain is an island lying to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest in Europe. With a population of approximately 58.9 million people, it is the third most populated island on Earth. Ireland is to its west, and it is surrounded by over 1000 smaller islands and islets.

It makes up the largest part of the territory of the sovereign state the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the term Great Britain is sometimes used inaccurately to refer to the United Kingdom. England, Scotland and Wales are mostly situated on the island, along with their capital cities, London, Edinburgh and Cardiff respectively.

Great Britain is the eastern island of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Politically, Great Britain also refers to England, Scotland and Wales in combination, and therefore also includes a number of outlying islands.

Great Britain lies to the northwest of Continental Europe, with Ireland to the west, and makes up the larger part of the territory of the United Kingdom. It is surrounded by 1000 smaller islands and islets. It occupies an area of 209,331 km².

It is the third most populous island after Java and Honshū.

The English Channel is of geologically recent origins. It is thought to have been created between 450,000 and 180,000 years ago.

UNITED KINGDOM FACT BOX Official name:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Abbreviation:UK Capital cities:London – England Edinburgh – Scotland Cardiff – Wales Belfast – Northern Ireland Population: 60 million

(England 50,714,000; Wales 2,977,000; Scotland 5,108,000; Northern Ireland 1,733,000). People:The majority of the population is English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish. However, Britain is an extremely diverse nation with a strong culture of racial integration and unity. Nationality: A person of British nationality is a Briton. Religion:Most people are Christian (71%), although all other religions including Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam and Sikhism are freely practised. About 23% of Britain follow no particular religion. Borders: Irish Republic (south of Northern Ireland), Atlantic Ocean (north), North Sea (east), English Channel (south), Irish Sea (west, but east of Northern Ireland) Government:The UK is a constitutional monarchy that is a representative democracy, where Queen Elizabeth II is recognised as the head of state, and the elected Prime Minister – Gordon Brown – is the head of government. Economic profile:The UK is a leading trading power and a financial centre. Agriculture is an important industry and highly efficient. Primary energy, like coal and oil, are major contributors to the economy, but services like banking and insurance are the greatest contributors. Currency:Britain uses the pound sterling. The sign for the Great British Pound (GBP) is £. Languages:The two official languages in Britain are English and Welsh, English being the most widely spoken. Scottish Gaelic is also spoken in some parts of Scotland. Time zone: 29 October – 26 March: Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) 25 March – 29 October: UTC + 1 Climate:Britain has a fairly temperate climate and is sometimes overcast. The weather can vary greatly from day to day, but generally summer (June-August) is a warm 14 - 25°C, and winter (December-February) is a cool 1 - 4°C. Weights & measures:Historically Britain used the Imperial System, but new regulations make use of the Metric System compulsory with the exception of a few items, for example distance and speed are measured in miles and miles per hour. Electricity:Voltage is 240 volts AC at 50HZ. Appliances generally use standard 3-pin square plugs and sockets. The terms United Kingdom, Great Britain and England are often confused. Great Britain comprises England, Wales, and Scotland. The United Kingdom also includes Northern Ireland.

TELEPHONE NUMBERS .

(APPENDIX 13)

555-67-89, 307-45-12, 567-23-22, 8-555-234-56-92, 935-29-10.

SAYING THE TIME .

(APPENDIX 14)

7:05, 8:08, 9:45, 10:55, 11:48, 12:00, 13:15, 14:30, 15:40, 16:45, 17:50, 18:00, 19:10, 20:15, 21:25, 22:30, 23:35, 00:00.

UNIT 3

SECTION A.

external	[ɪk'stə:n(ə)l]	coal	[kəul]
source	[sɔ:s]	conclude	[kən'klu:d]
recharge	[.ri:'ʧɑ:ʤ]	pollutant	[pə'lu:t(ə)nt]
movement	['mu:vmənt]	currently	['kʌrəntlɪ]
subtle	['sʌtl]	estimate	['estɪmeɪt]
generate	['ʤen(ə)reɪt]	power plant	['pauəplɑ:nt]
emission	[ɪ'mɪʃ(ə)n]	sulfur dioxide	['sʌlfə daɪ'ɔksaɪd]
byproduct	['baɪˌprɔdʌkt]	percent	[pə'sent]
drawback	['drɔ:bæk]	pollutant	[pə'lu:t(ə)nt]
silicon	['sɪlɪkən]	contribute	[kən'trɪbju:t]
transfer	['trænsfə:]	mercury	['mə:kjurɪ]
produce	[prə'dju:s]	pollution	[pə'lu:ʃ(ə)n]
benign	[bɪ'naɪn]	useless	['ju:sləs]
environmental	[ɪn.vaɪərən'mentəl]	solar cell	['səulə sel]

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