Read about the national symbols of Ukraine.

Ukraine’s National Symbols

The National Flag

The National Flag consists of two equal horizontal stripes: a blue one above a yellow one. The colours are symbolic - the blue is said to represent the heavens, the sky, and the country's streams while the yellow signifies the country's wheat fields. The roots of this Ukrainian national symbol come from before Christian times when yellow and blue prevailed in traditional ceremonies, reflecting fire and water. In Kyiv Rus' times, yellow and blue continued to be popular. The national flag was officially adopted for the first time in 1918 by a short-lived Ukrainian People's Republic and in 1992 it was officially restored following Ukrainian independence.

The National Emblem (Coat of Arms)

The Tryzub (Trident) is the country's official coat of arms. As an emblem, the Trident dates back to the first century A.D. It was the official emblem of the Kyiv princes, stamped on coins. Designs of the Trident symbol evolved. During the time of the Cossacks, the image of the Trident was shielded by a crowned lion on the left and a Cossack in traditional dress on the right, with the crown of Volodymyr the Great at its peak.

The symbol variations are present in the number of cultures and religions. Trident is one of the basic universal symbols meaning three substances forming the Universe: astral water - the female basis (right part of the Trident), astral fire - the male basis (left part) and the Child - the Universe itself (middle part). All three are in the unbreakable unity.

The Ukrainian Anthem

The lyrics to the national anthem “Ukraine Has Not Yet Perished” were written in autumn 1862 by the poet Pavlo Chubynsky and the music was composed a year later by Greek-Catholic priest Mykhailo Verbytsky. The first public presentation took place in 1864 in the Ukrainian People’s Theatre in Lviv. The catchy melody and patriotic words made this song immensely popular and so widely known that Chubynsky’s friends had to defend his authorship and prove that it was not a folk song.

Complete the sentences.

1) The National Flag of Ukraine consists of . . . . . .

2) The colours of the flag symbolize . . . . . .

3) The official Coat of Arms of Ukraine is . . . . . .

4) On the emblem of Cossacks the trident was shielded by . . . . . .

5) The variations of trident are present in . . . . . .

6) The authors of the National Anthem of Ukraine are . . . . . .

sPEAKING

Characterise the state system of Ukraine.

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Modal Verbs

16. Complete these sentences. Use canorcan’t and one of the words given below:

1) I am sorry but we _____ to your party next Saturday.

2) I like this hotel room. You _____ the mountains from the windows.

3) You are speaking very quietly. I _____ you.

4) Have you seen my bag? I _____ it.

5) Catherine got the job because she _____ five languages.

17. Put in can/can't if possible, if not usecouldorwill be able to.

1) I am afraid I _____ come to your party next week.

2) When Tim was sixteen, he was a fast runner. He _____ run 100 metres in 11 seconds.

3) Are you in a hurry? - No, I have got plenty of time. I _____ wait.

4) I was feeling very sick yesterday. I _____ eat anything.

5) Can you speak up a bit? I _____ hear you very well.

6) You look tired. Yes, I _____ sleep last night.

7) I think I _____ speak English quite well in a few months.

8) Dr Parker _____ see you at 12 on Tuesday.

9) It's quite fine, Clara, the rain has stopped. We _____ have a small walk.

10) The mountains were a long way away and we _____ see snow on their tops.

11) She _____ travel again in a few weeks.

12) They knew the town so they _____ advise him where to go.

13) Mary usually leaves work at six, but she _____ leave earlier on Fridays.

14) Do you think one day people _____ travel to the stars?

15) She _____ do your job with no trouble at all.

Ask politely.

1) _____ I speak to Mr Pitt, please? — I'm afraid he's out at the moment. _____ you ring back later?

2) If a letter comes to me _____ you please forward it to this address?

3) _____ you tell me the time, please? — I'm afraid, I _____ not. I haven't got a watch.

4) _____ you lend me 2500 pounds? — No, I _____ not.

5) I wonder if you _____ help me? — With great pleasure.

6) Excuse me, _____ you tell me the time of the next train, please? — Yes, certainly. 11:30, platform 3.

7) _____ I have some more coffee, please.

8) _____ you come to the party at my place Thursday evening? — Thanks a lot. What time? Is it something special?

9) Excuse me, _____ you tell me the way to the nearest underground station? — Oh, I'm sorry, I _____ not. I'm afraid I'm lost myself. Let's ask the policeman over there.

10) _____ you help me with my luggage, please? — Yes, certainly.

19. Use the model verb may.

1) Take your umbrella, it _____ (rain) today.

2) He is still at work! He _____ (come) late I am afraid.

3) Mum! My friends are having a party tonight. _____ (go) please?

4) He _____ (be) late because his flight has been delayed.

5) Look at those clouds! It _____ (rain) in a minute.

6) Nowadays, people _____ travel very easily all over Europe

7) There _____ (be) a storm tonight.

8) I need a dictionary on the desk. _____ I take yours?

20. Choose the correct modal verb (can/could, may/might)

1) They (can/might) be away for the weekend but I'm not sure.

2) You (may/might) leave now if you wish.

3) (Could/May) you open the window a bit, please?

4) He (can/could) be French, judging by his accent.

5) (May/Can) you play the piano?

6) Listen, please. You (may not/might not) speak during this exam.

7) They (can't/may not) still be out!

8) You (couldn't/might not) smoke on the bus.

9) With luck, tomorrow (can/could) be a sunny day.

10) You (can/might) be right but I'm going back to check anyway.

21. Complete the following sentences with the required form of must/have to.

1) The buses were all full; I _____ get a taxi.

2) He sees very badly; he _____ wear glasses all the time.

3) You _____ read this book. It's really excellent.

4) The children _____ play in the streets till their mothers get home from work.

5) She felt ill and _____ leave early.

6) I never remember his address; I always _____ look it up.

7) If you go to a dentist with a private practice you _____ pay him quite a lot of money.

8) My neighbour's child _____ practise the piano for three hours a day.

9) I got lost and _____ ask a policeman the way.

10) Tell her that she _____ be here by six. I insist on it.

22. Fill in the blanks with mustn’t or don’t/doesn’t have to.

1) You _____ forget the results. They are very important.

2) He _____ get up early, but he usually does.

3) You _____ smoke here. It’s not allowed.

4) If you want to come early you can, but you _____.

5) This is a big secret so you _____ tell anyone.

6) No, I’m not busy. I _____ do all these invoices today.

7) The deadline is next week. I _____ miss it.

8) I _____ rush. The deadline is next month.

23. Fill in the blanks with the right modal (should/shouldn’t).

1) My car has broken down, I think I _____ call a mechanic.

2) Her hair is very long, I think she _____ go to the hairdresser's.

3) Brice is very ill today. I think he _____ go to the doctor's.

4) The road is wet. I think you _____ drive too fast.

5) Mike is very fat. I think he _____ eat more salads. He _____ eat so much junk food.

6) Emma is very shy. I think she _____ be more natural. She _____ be more self-confident.

Match the sentences.

25. Complete the text with the following:

Matthew is a doctor. He works at Brighton's General Hospital. Every day, Matthew _____ wake up at 6 o'clock to go to work. He lives 45 miles from the hospital, but he doesn't have a car, so he takes the train and then a bus everyday. All his friends think he_____ to buy a car, but he tells them he _____ afford it. All doctors are _____ park at the hospital and it's free of charge for them, which means they don't _____ pay. Matthew believes people _____ buy a car unless it's absolutely necessary, and travel by public transport, because cars pollute the air and cause many diseases.

Vocabulary In Use

1. Find the Ukrainian equivalents in the right-hand column for the following:

2. Match the words with similar meanings:

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