Unofficial national symbols

In many ways, well-known sights in a country can also be seen as national symbols, as can traditional items of handicraft, folk costumes, natural monuments, national epics and national myths, as well as symbols used by national sports teams and their supporters.

In a number of countries, plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas. Different processes have been used to adopt these symbols – some are conferred by government bodies, whereas others are the result of informal public polls. The term floral emblem is primarily used in Australia and Canada. In the United States, the term state flower is more often used.

Unit 8

HOLIDAYS

New Year’s Day. On New Year’s Eve (31 December), it is traditional to celebrate midnight with your friends or family and to sing ‘Auld lang syne’, a folk song with words by the Scottish poet Robert Burns. The party can last well into New Year’s Day! Many people make ‘New Year’s resolutions’, promising to achieve a goal or break a bad habit in the coming year.

Valentine’s Day. Love is in the air! Historically the Feast of St Valentine, nowadays this is a celebration of romance. Many people in the UK go out for dinner with their sweethearts, and give them a Valentine’s card, chocolate or flowers. If you’re single, you might receive an anonymous card from a ‘secret admirer’!

Mother’s Day. Mother’s Day is a day to celebrate motherhood, and to thank mothers for everything they do throughout the year. Many people give their mothers a card or gift, treat them to a day out or cook a meal.

Easter weekend. Easter is a Christian holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ. It is always on a Sunday in March or April (called Easter Sunday), and the previous Friday (Good Friday) and following Monday (Easter Monday) are bank holidays. People celebrate Easter in different ways, but many give each other chocolate eggs and eat ‘hot cross buns’ (sweet buns with a cross design), while children decorate eggs or take part in Easter egg hunts.

Christmas. Most people in the UK celebrate Christmas, even if they are not religious. There will be Christmas trees, presents, carol singing, mulled wine (warm, spiced red wine), mince pies (small pies with a sweet fruit filling) and if it snows, snowmen and snowball fights! The traditional Christmas dinner is a whole roast turkey with roast potatoes, vegetables, gravy and Christmas pudding for dessert (a steamed sponge pudding with dried fruit) – but each family has its own variations.

Boxing Day. The day after Christmas is called Boxing Day, and is a bank holiday in the UK. It’s believed to have been named after the ‘Christmas box’ of money or gifts which employers used to give to servants and tradesmen. Nowadays, there are no particular Boxing Day customs, but most people spend the day with their families, going for a walk, watching sports or eating the Christmas leftovers.

Nauryz (Islamic New Year) is one of the biggest holidays in Central Asia. In Kazakhstan it is celebrated on the day of the spring equinox, March 22. On that day, the streets of villages and towns are transformed. Guests are hosted in beautiful yurts with the traditional Nauryz kozhe dish made of seven traditional ingredients. People respecting this nearly month-long holiday forgive each others' debts and offences.

Toy dastarkhan - a special form of celebration, organized for holiday or during it. Sports, music, singing competitions (aitys) and jumps are organised in addition to the gatherings during Toy dastarkhan.

ShС–ldehana- a celebration that is associated with childbirth.

Tusau kesu - the Kazakh custom, a day when the baby took his first steps into the tent was invited to the oldest and most respected people in the village. He had a knife to cut the special ropes, beset baby’s legs (cut put). This was done to ensure that in future the kid could walk nicely and run fast.

EsС–m koyu( at koyu) is a naming ceremony that can be conducted within the framework of shС–ldehana or during celebrations on the occasion of laying a newborn in a bassinet. Execution of the rite was confided to the most respected people, who among other things blessed a baby.

Unit 9

BIRTHDAY CELEBRATIONS

Unit 11

TRAVELLING

· Adjoining rooms – Bordering hotel rooms that do not share a common door.

· Advance purchase requirement – Ticket must be purchased a minimum number of days before the flight departs.

· ARC – The Airlines Reporting Corporation - is responsible for supervising payments from travel agencies to airlines along with the manner in which tickets are issued to consumers.

· Airport access fee – A fee paid to the airport authority by car rental companies for the use of shuttle vehicles. This often appears in customer’s car rental bills.

· Availability – The total number of seats allowed to be sold at a particular rate.

· Boarding pass – A ticket issued at airport check-in that authorizes airplane boarding.

· Bulk contract – An agreement whereby an airline sells large blocks of seats at a discount for resale by a third party.

· Bulk fare – A reduced fare for purchases of a large number of tickets.

· Business class – While amenities vary based on the airline, business class generally falls between first class and coach.

· Commission – A small fee that a travel agency or services adds to the total fee in order to make money.

· Consolidator – A business that has contracts with airlines to sell tickets in bulk, generally at a discounted rate.

· Corporate agency – A travel agency that usually caters to medium-large sized businesses.

· Domestic fare – An additional fare added to national flights.

· Electronic ticket – A paperless ticket that allows travelers to fly with only a photo ID. Commonly referred to as “E-ticket’s”, they cannot be lost or stolen because it is an electronic reservation.

· Exclusive fare – Discounted airfares offered by travel consolidators.

· First class – The class which offers the most premium service. Enhanced seating, meal selection, and drink offerings staples of this services.

· Interline connection – A trip with a connection flight from a different airline.

· Land arrangements – All non-flying reservations upon arrival such as car rental, hotel, and tourist reservations.

· Layover – The period of time spent between connecting flights.

· Leisure travel – Usually signifies traveling for relaxation, vacation, or to visit friends/family.

· Limited service hotel – A hotel without a restaurant on the premises.

· Maximum stay – The longest period of time a traveler can stay at a particular destination and still qualify for the promotion or discounted fare.

· Nonstop – A flight that travels directly to its destination without connections or layovers.

· Occupancy rate – The proportion of reservations expected during any given period.

· Offline connection – A connection that requires switching to both a new aircraft and carrier.

· Operator – Any company that provides any transportation service. Not just limited to flights, it also includes trains, buses, and cruise ships.

· Overbooking – When a carrier books more reservations than available seats.

· Published fare – A fare immediately offered for purchase by the airline. This does not include heavily discounted flights usually offered to consolidaters.

· Rack rate – The price of a hotel prior to discount.

· Red-eye flight – A flight in which the travel takes place between the hours of 9pm and 7am.

· Reissue – When a new ticket is issued as a result of a change of plans. This can often require fees or penalties from the airport.

· Round trip – Two flights: the destination flight and its return trip.

· Saturday night stay – In order to receive a specialty fare, a Saturday stay over is sometimes required.

· Scheduled carrier – An airline that offers regularly scheduled flights between destinations.

· Special fare – Any fare that deviates from normal pricing (typically discounted).

· Suite – A hotel room that usually offers a living room and kitchenette in addition to the bedroom.

· Supplier – A company that offer travel services to the general public.

· Through passenger – A passenger who remains on the plane at a connecting stop on the way to his/her final destination.

· Ticket stock – Blank airline tickets.

· Travel agent – An individual or company that sells travel services on a commission basis.

· Travel agency – Usually used in the travel industry to refer to an ARC-appointed store front retailer.

Unit 12

ВEDUCATION

В· To attend classes: to go to classes

В· bachelors degree: an undergraduate course which usually lasts 3-4 years

В· boarding school: a school where pupils live during term time

В· distance learning: a way of studying where tuition is carried out over the Internet or by post

В· face-to-face classes: as opposed to distance learning the traditional way of studying in a classroom with colleagues and a teacher

В· to fall behind with your studies: to progress less quickly than others

· to give feedback: to offer guidance on a student’s work

В· a graduation ceremony: an event where a successful student receives his or her academic degree

В· higher education: education, usually in a college or university, that is followed after high school or secondary school

В· an intensive course: a course that offers lots of training in order to reach a goal in as short a time as possible

В· to keep up with your studies: to not fall behind

В· to learn something by heart: to memorize it

В· a mature student: a student who is older than average and who has usually returned to education after a period at work

В· masters degree: a period of study which often follows the completion of a bachelors degree or is undertaken by someone regarded as capable of a higher-level academic course

В· to meet a deadline: to finish a job or task in the time allowed or agreed

В· to play truant: to stay away from classes without permission

В· private language school: an independent school run as a business concern

В· public schools: exclusive independent schools in the UK

В· a single-sex school: a school where only boys or girls attend (as opposed to a mixed-sex school)

В· to sit an exam: to take an exam

В· state school: a school paid for by public funds and available to the general public

В· subject specialist: a teacher who has a great deal of knowledge about the subject they teach.

В· to take a year out: to spend a year working or travelling before starting university

В· tuition fees: the money paid for a course of study

В· to work your way through university: to have a paid job while studying to support yourself financially

В· Boarding School:(noun) A type of school where students live as well as study.

В· 'During my first few weeks atboarding school I missed my parents a lot.'

В· Cheat: (verb)To act in a dishonest way to get what you want.

В· 'The student cheated by writing the answers on his hand and looking at them during the test.'

В· Co-educational: (noun) A school that has both male and female students. A school for just boys (or girls) is called a single-sex school.

В· 'I think co-educationalschools help students to form better relationships with members of the opposite sex in later life.'

В· Coursework: (noun)Coursework is the work done by students that contributes towards their overall grade, but which is assessed separately from their final exams. Coursework can, for example, take the form of experimental work, or may involve research. It can comprise of dissertations, reports or essays.

В· 'I get nervous when I take a test. I prefer to docoursework because I have a long time to do it and I can do it at my own pace.'

В· Enrol: (verb) To enrol means to join a course. In American English it is spelt enroll. The noun form is enrolment (enrollmentUS)

В· 'To enrol on this course you need to be here on 7th January to do the paperwork.'

В· Fail:(verb)To fail means that you did not pass your test. You did not get the necessary grade / score. Failure is the noun form.

В· '40% of students failed the test. The other 60% passed.'

В· Qualification: (noun) A qualification is the official proof that you have successfully completed a course or that you have the necessary skills.

В· 'What academic qualifications do you have? Do you have a degree?'

В· Retake: (verb / noun)As a verb retakemeans to take an exam you failed in the past for a second time. As a noun retakes mean the exams which are held again for students who did not pass them the first time around.

В· 'Retakes will be held in February for all those students who did not get 40% on the last test.'
'Don't worry you will be able to retake this exam if you don't pass.'

В· Revise: (verb) To revise means to study before a test. This word is used in British English. In American English study or review is used. Revision is the nounform.

В· 'I'm going to stay in tonight and revise for Monday's test.'

В· Semester / Term: (noun) Both of these words are used to mean the periods of the school year. The school year is usually divided into three terms / semesters: Spring, Autumn and Winter.

В· 'At this school each semester is 12 weeks long.'

Unit 13

PROFESSION

1. Profession– 1) a type of job that requires special education, training, or skill

2) the people who work in a particular profession 3) the act of declaring or saying something openly

2.A blue-collar worker: somebody who does physical, unskilled work, for example in a factory or on abuilding site

3. A white-collar worker: somebody who does "mental" work, for example in an office, rather than

4.Achildminder-someone whose job is to look after children while their parents are working

5.A lumberjack -a person whose job is to cut down trees in a forest

6.A garbageman-a person whose job is to collect the garbage from containers outside houses and other buildings

7.Achambermaid - a woman whose job is to clean and tidy hotel bedrooms

1. Career –A career is the sequence and variety of occupations (paid and unpaid) which one undertakes throughout a lifetime. More broadly, 'career ' includes life roles, leisure activities, learning and work.

2. Career development -Career development is the complex process of managing life, learning, and work over the lifespan.

3.Career guidance -Career guidance is an inclusive term that has been used to describe a range of interventions including career education and counselling, that help people to move from a general understanding of life and work to a specific understanding of the realistic life, learning and work options that are open to them. Career guidance is often thought to incorporate career information, career education and career counselling.