VIII. Give advice in the following situations by using should,ought to, or had better.

Example I have a test tomorrow.

Response You. should (ought to, had better) study tonight.

1. I'm writing a composition, and there is a word I don't know how to spell. 2.1 don't feel good. I think I'm catching a cold. 3.1 can't see the blackboard when I sit in the back row. 4. I'm cold. 5. I'm homesick. 6. My roommate snores and I can't get to sleep. 7.1 need to improve my English. 8. I can't stop yawning. 9. My library book is due today. 10. There's no food in my house, and some guests are coming to dinner tonight. 11. I have only twenty-five cents in my pocket, but I need some money to go out tonight. 12. My apartment is in a mess, and my mother is coming to visit me tomorrow. 13. I have a toothache. 14. I have the flue. 15. My friend is arriving at the airport this evening. I'm supposed to pick him up, but I've forgotten what time his plane gets in. 16. I'm really fed up with my job. 17. I never have any money.

IX. Give advice to the people in the following situations. Use should, ought to, or had better.

1. Ann would like to make some new friends. —»• I think she should join some clubs so she can meet people who have similar interests.

2. Ellen is having a lot of trouble in her chemistry class. She's failed the last two tests.

3. Sam and Tim, both teenagers, have messed up the house, and their parents are coming home soon.

4. Pierre is feeling really homesick these days.

5. Ron is wearing jeans. He's expected at a formal reception this evening.

6. Alice is planning to drive across the country by herself

this summer, but she's never changed a flat tire or even pumped her own gas.

7. Mike can't understand what's going on in his English class.

8. William's parents expect him to work in the family business, a shoe store, but he wants to be an architect.

9. Richard's roommate stays up very late studying. While his roommate is studying, he listens to loud music, and Richard can't get to sleep.

10. The Taylors' daughter is very excited about going to Denmark to live and study for four months. You've been an international student, haven't you? Could you give her some advice?

11. Virginia doesn't really have enough money saved for a vacation, but she wants to go someplace. Do you know of any inexpensive but wonderful place she could go?

12. Mr Rice is behind schedule in the history class he's teaching. Should he skip some less important historical events, or should he give the students longer assignments?

13. Maria is expecting George to meet her when she arrives at the airport in an hour, but George's car won't start. What should George do?

X. Use should have or ought to have + past participle in your response.

Example You failed the test because you didn't study. Response I should have studied./I ought to have studied.

Example: You didn't study because you went to a movie. Response I shouldn't have gone to a movie./ I oughtn't to have gone to a movie.

1. You are cold because you didn't wear a coat.

2. You misspelled a word because you didn't look up in the dictionary.

3. Your friend is upset because you didn't write him a letter.

4. You are broke now because you spent all your money foolishly.

5. The room is full of flies because you opened the window.

6. You don't have any food for dinner because you didn't go to the grocery store.

7. You overslept this morning because you didn't set your alarm clock.

8. Your friends went to (New Orleans) over vacation. They had a good time. You didn't go with them, and now you are sorry.

9. John loved Mary, but he didn't marry her. Now he is unhappy.

10. John loved Mary, and he married her. But now he is unhappy.

11. You didn't have a cup of coffee. Now you are sleepy.

12. You didn't stop for gas, and then you ran out of gas on the highway.

13. You were sick yesterday, but you went to class anyway. Today you feel worse.

14. The weather was beautiful yesterday, but you stayed inside all day.

15. You bought your girlfriend a box of candy for her birthday, but she doesn't like candy.

16. The little girl told a lie. She got into a lot of trouble.

17. You have a stomach ache because you ate (five hamburgers).

18. You had to pay a fine because your library book was overdue.

19. You lent your car to (...), but s/he had an accident because

s/he was driving on the wrong side of the road.

20. When (...) fell asleep on the overnight train from (place name) to (place name), her purse was stolen.

21. There was an important meeting yesterday afternoon, but you decided not to go. That was a mistake.

22. Ann didn't feel well a couple of days ago. I told her to see a doctor, but she didn't. That was a mistake. Now she is very sick.

23.1 didn't invite Sam to my party. That made him feel bad.

I'm sorry I didn't invite him. 24. Mary sold her car. That was a mistake because now she

can't take trips to see her friends and relatives.

25. Alex signed a contract to buy some furniture without reading it thoroughly. Now he has discovered that he is paying a lot more money than he expected. He made a mistake.

XI. Make up short dialogues.

A: Look at that man shaving while he drives!

B: He shouldn't be shaving now. He should have shaved before he left the house.

Note-. This exercise could also be done with ought to (have)and oughtn't to (have).

1. Look at that woman doing her nails in the bus queue!

2. Look at that man correcting exercises in the bus!

3. Look at that man polishing his shoes in the bus!

4. Look at that boy tying his shoelaces as he goes into school!

5. Look at that woman putting on her earrings on the stairs!

6. Look at that girl sewing on a button in the library!

7. Look at that man eating his breakfast as he walks down the path!

8. Look at that girl putting on her make-up in the bus queue!

9. Look at that man brushing his coat in the lift!

10. Look at that man putting in his contact lenses on the escalator!

11. Look at that boy combing his hair in the classroom!

12. Look at that woman cleaning her glasses while she drives!

13. Look at those children doing their homework in the bus!

14. Look at that man putting in his false teeth in the street!

Ann, a student at a summer school, has the following programme:

(a) A: It's 7.20 and Ann is sleeping.

B: She shouldn't be sleeping. She should be getting dres­sed.

(b) A: At 7.20 yesterday Ann was sleeping.

B: She shouldn't have been sleeping. She should have been getting dressed.

(a) It's ... and Ann is ...

1. 7.45 ... getting up

3. 8.45 ... washing up

4. 9.45 ... doing P.T.

5. 10.15 ... watching television

6. 12.30... listening to a lecture

7. 2.15 ... playing tennis

8. 2.45 ... resting

9. 3.45 ... working in the garden

10. 5.15 ... having tea

11. 6.15 ... practising the piano 12.7.15 ... rehearsing the play 13. 7.45 ... having supper 14.8.15 ... typing her lecture notes 15. 12.00 ... listening to records

(b) At ... Ann was ...

1. At 7.45 Ann was getting up.

2. 8.15 ... having breakfast i.e. as in (a) but replacing IS

by WAS

It is Thursday evening. The secretary is inclined to leave everything till Friday, which doesn't please the boss. But perhaps the secretary has too many duties.

A: I'll remove the old newspapers tomorrow.

(a) B: But they should be removed every day.

(b) B: But they should have been removed today.

I'll ... tomorrow.

XII. Write two sentences, one in the positive and one in the negative, for each of the following situations.

Example: Margaret was mugged last night. She was walking home alone.

She shouldn't have been walking home alone. She should have gone with someone or taken a taxi.

1. Andrew was arrested last night. He was driving home after a party, and he'd had too much to drink.

2. Graham was wounded when he tried to stop a man robbing a post office. The robber shot him in the leg.

3. Annie lost her purse yesterday. It was in her bag, but her bag wasn't fastened, and she left it unattended for a few minutes while she bought a newspaper.

4. My briefcase was stolen from my car yesterday. I'd left it lying on the passenger seat while I got out to do some shopping, and I'm afraid the window had been left open.

5. Jenny was caught travelling on a train without a ticket.

6. There was a fire at Henry's house yesterday. Their son Max was playing with matches, and he set fire to the furniture. Unfortunately the flat wasn't insured, so they've lost everything.

XIII. Now answer as Robert Wilson does here.

Linda: I haven't finished the report yet. Robert: Really? You should've finished it! Linda: I've been working on something else.

Robert: Really? You shouldn't have been working on some­thing else!

1. I haven't even started it.

2. I was taking a nap when you came in.

3. I've been using your phone.

4. I used it yesterday.

5. And I've been looking through your letters.

6. I've read them.

7. I was reading them when you came in.

8. I threw some of them away.

Transfer

You work in an office. Yesterday the office manager was away, so you, two secretaries and the office boy used his office to have a party. The office manager came back in the middle of it. You weren't working. You were dancing. You didn't stop when he came in. You asked him if he wanted to dance, as well. Naturally, he was furious. Describe all the things you should have done, shouldn't have been doing, etc. Think of more examples!

XIV. Put an appropriate verb of obligation in its correct form into each gap. The verbs are must, have to, had to, have had to, should.

The forms are positive, negative, and gerund.

1. I really do think you ... get your hair cut. 2. Careful, darling. You ... play with matches. They're too dangerous. 3. My wife suddenly became ill in the middle of the night and I ... call the doctor. 4. I'm overweight. The doctor said I ... eat too many sweets or potatoes. 5. I like Saturdays because I ... get up early. 6. A: Why have you got so much money on you? You ... keep it in the bank. B: I know. But today's the day I ... pay my employees. 7. It's my mother's birthday next week. I... remember to buy her a present and a card. 8. No one likes ... work at weekends. 9. You ... come with me if you don't want to. I don't mind going on my own. You stay here if you like. 10. I have a really bad memory

for phone numbers. I... look them up in the book every time. 11. When I was at school we ... wear a uniform. Everybody hated it. 12. You ... touch electrical appliances if you've got wet hands. You could kill yourself. 13. She has a private income. She ... never ... do one day's work in the whole of her life.

XV. Use should(n't), ought (not) to, must (n't) haven't got to, or have to, giving more than one answer where possible.

Charles: I really ... do some work tonight, but I feel too

tired.

Barbara: You ... work so hard. You'll make yourself ill. Charles: I'd like to take a holiday, but I simply ... finish

these plans by the end of the month. Barbara: Yes, but you ... finish them by next week. I think

you ... have a holiday. Can't we have a long weekend

in Paris? Charles: All right. But I ... stay longer than next Tuesday

or I'll never finish my work on time. Barbara: Good. But if we are going, you ... book the seats

today. Charles: I'll ... ask Mr Peters first, but I don't think he'll

mind.

XVI. Complete these sentences using had to or ought to have.

1. James ... (work) harder, then he would have passed the exams.

2. Graham didn't play squash because he ... (help) his wife.

3. Bill ... (visit) his mother-in-law on Saturday so he missed the match.

4. You ... (take) a taxi, then you wouldn't have missed the train.

5. He opened all the windows but he ... (know) better.

6. I left the office early because I... (meet) Mary at 5 o'clock.

7. They ... (sell) their car last month in order to pay their debts.

8. We ... (buy) a house last year when the prices were lower.

XVII. Change the following sentences to the passive.

1. People should save pandas from extinction. —*• Pandas should be saved from extinction.

2. People must obey all traffic laws.

3. Someone ought to repair this broken window.

4. Someone should have supplied the hotel guests with clean towels.

5. Someone had better take this garbage to the dump soon.

6. Someone is supposed to tell Fred about the meeting.

7. Someone has to finish this work today.

8. Someone ought to have reported this accident to the po­lice.

9. You shouldn't put bananas in the freezer.

10. We should teach children to respect their elders.

XVIII. Make sentences using should(n't) ..., ought(n't) to ..., should(n't) have ... or ought(n't) to have ... and the

words in brackets.

Example: My car is always dirty. (I/clean/ it more often.) I should clean it more often./I ought to clean it more often.

1. You think your friend works too hard. You tell him/her: (You/not work/so hard.) (You/relax/more.)

2. Your friend overslept this morning and was late for work. His boss said to him: (You/buy/an alarm clock!)

3. Kate didn't feel well yesterday, but she went to work and now she feels really terrible. (She/not go/to work yester­day.) (She/stay/in bed.)

4. Mr Woods walked straight out into the road without looking. He was nearly killed by a bus. (He/not walk/into the road without looking.) (He/look/first.)

XIX. Here are five situations where you will be able to use the modals you have been practising. Use each modal only once.

must/mustn't/ought to/needn't/'d better

1. There's a fantastic film on at the Odeon. Advise your friend to see it before it's too late.

2. Tell your friend not to drive her car till it's insured.

3. You are going to play tennis with a friend at the tennis club. Tell him it isn't necessary for him to bring any tennis balls as the club supply them.

4. Your friend has just received his bank statement. He's sure it's incorrect. Advise him to telephone the bank.

5. Tell your Venezuelan friend that she needs a visa to get into France.

XX. Translate from Russian into English.

1. Тебе не следовало жениться на мне, Дэвид. Это было большой ошибкой. 2. Я прошу прощения. Мне не следо­вало это говорить. 3. Тебе бы лучше остаться дома. Похо­же, будет дождь. 4. Мне следовало пригласить его тоже. 5. Я думаю, вам следует проявлять больше уважения к старшим. 6. Моррис сказал, что если это долг, то его сле­дует исполнить. 7. Тебе должно быть стыдно за такие злые слова. 8. Она бросила меня. Она должна заплатить за это. 9. Тебе следовало выбрать более подходящее время, что­бы сообщить мне об этом. 10. Когда он возвращается? — Откуда мне знать? 11. Это его вина. Ему следовало разве­стись с вами, когда он мог это сделать. 12. Тебе следует купить это платье. Оно тебе идет. 13. Тебе бы лучше туда одной не ходить. 14. Ну, что же, вы были правы. Мне не так надо было сделать это. 15. Почему вы не пришли вчера? Вы должны были позвонить мне, если вы были заняты. 16. Мне нужна была копия этого письма, поэтому я напе­чатала его два раза. — Не нужно было печатать его дваж­ды. Вы могли воспользоваться копиркой. 17. Вам не сле­довало упоминать об этом в его присутствии. 18. Не надо звонить ей. Она уже пришла. 19. Не надо портить глаза. Зажги свет. 20. Вам следовало бы поговорить с директором еще раз перед тем, как вы поедете в Лондон. 21. Вам бы лучше пойти и поговорить с ним сейчас же, пока он еще не ушел. 22. Нам бы лучше не говорить об этом Энн. Она рассердится. 23. Он юрист, и он должен знать такие вещи.

24. Они должны действовать так, как им сказали. 25. Тебе следует самому зарабатывать на жизнь. 26. Нельзя зажи­гать спичку. В комнате много газа. 27. Он сказал, что я не должен открывать дверь. 28. Следует ли ей заняться спортом всерьез? — Думаю, да. 29. Ты выглядишь уста­лой. Тебе следует поехать за город на выходные. 30. Нельзя вставать так рано. Ты всех разбудишь. 31. Он сказал, что мы должны встретить его на вокзале. 32. Я подумал, что тебе следовало бы знать об этом. 33. Не следует разре­шать ставить здесь на стоянку автомобили: улица слиш­ком узкая. 34. Вы должны носить форму на дежурстве, не так ли? 35. Она сказала, что мне не следовало посту­пать подобным образом. 36. Необходимо сообщить ей эту новость как можно скорее. 37. Давно нужно было сооб­щить ей эту новость.

XXI. Study and practise.

1. Mother: Kathryn, I want to talk to you about something.

Have you got a minute?

Kathryn: OK. What's the problem now?

Mother: You know you don't have a job and you're get­ting money from Social Security. You said you wanted to prepare for your exams. I think you should stay at home and do some work.

Kathryn: I think you should leave me alone. You don't know if I'm working or not. It's not your busi­ness.

Mother: Kathryn! You shouldn't talk to me like that! I'm your mother.

2. Trainer: OK, boys. We've got the big competition in front

of us now. It's our big chance. You must train

harder than ever. Player: We're going to do that. You needn't worry.

But I think we ought to practise more often

together this week. Coach: No, we oughtn't to overdo it. We'll become

stale and tired. We shouldn't risk that.

3. Jenny: Nick, Mum has a headache. We ought to be quiet.

We shouldn't make so much noise. Nick: Did you say something? Jenny: The music is too loud. You ought to turn it

down.

Nick: I can't hear you! Jenny: Don't shout, Nick! Shut up! And turn the music

down!

Nick: Yes, I've already been to town. Jenny: No, Nick. Your music. Turn down your music! Nick: I can't hear you. The music's too loud.

A. Some of your friends have problems. Give advice with ought to. Use these or your own ideas:

I'm always tired.

You ought to go to bed earlier.

1. My eyes are sometimes red and sore.

2. I never have enough money.

3. My school marks are bad.

4. I'm too fat.

5. I've got spots.

6. I've had a quarrel with my parents.

7. I haven't got many friends.

8. My old bicycle needs repairing again.

9. My hair looks terrible.

10. I can't find anything. My room is so untidy.

4. Gina: Susan, please. Make up your mind. I'm exhausted. Susan: I know, I'm tired, too. But this is an important decision.

Oh, which one should I buy? Yon Mi: Susan, you're young! Why don't you buy a sports

car? Sports cars are fun. Susan: Maybe you're right. The red one is nice. Maybe

I'll look at that one. Lucy: Wait a minute! You won't be single forever, you

know. You should think about the future and

buy a family car. Susan: Hmm. That's good advice, too. Oh, I'm confused.

I don't know what to do. Gina: What about that green car? It's a lot bigger, and it

isn't too expensive. Susan: Oh, I don't know. The red sports car is nice, but

you're right, Lucy. It's too small and impractical.

And I really can't afford it. I think I'll buy the

green one. Yon Mi: Well, it's your choice, but you shouldn't decide

too quickly. Let's go and get a cup of coffee. We

can sit and talk about it and come back later. Susan: Good idea!

A. What should or shouldn't Susan do? Match each sentence on the left with the best response.

B. Ask and answer questions as in the examples.

5. Simon is talking to Ellen Change, a travel agent.

Ellen: You and your wife have been to France before, haven't you?

Simon: No, we haven't.

Ellen: Well, then, you really ought to go. You'll love Paris, and the weather is perfect this time of the year.

Simon: But we don't speak French.

Ellen: You shouldn't worry about that. A lot of people speak English in France, especially in the hotels and restaurants.

Simon: Should we make our reservations now?

Ellen: Well, you ought to make them as soon as possible.

Simon: Where should we stay? Do you have any sugges­tions?

Ellen: I'll find an inexpensive hotel for you.

Simon: Do you have any brochures? I don't know anyone

in Paris, and I don't know anything about the city.

Ellen: I'll give you some brochures, but you ought to visit Notre Dame, the Eiffel Tower, and the Louv­re. Also, if you have time you ought to drive to Versailles for a day. It's really beautiful.

A. What is the travel agent's advice? Choose the appropriate word in parentheses.

1. Simon and Lucy (should/shouldn't) go to France.

2. They (should/shouldn't) worry about speaking French.

3. They (should/shouldn't) make their reservations as soon as possible.

4. They (should/shouldn't) stay in an inexpensive hotel.

5. They (should/shouldn't) plan to visit Notre Dame, the Eiffel Tower, and the Louvre.

6. They (should/shouldn't) try to visit Versailles.

B. Give advice for someone who is thinking of taking a vacation abroad.

You must get a passport.

You shouldn't pack too many clothes.

a) ... get a passport.

b) ... pack too many clothes.

c) ... buy a roundtrip ticket.

d) ... make hotel reservations.

e) ... get health insurance.

f) ... check the weather.

g) ... carry lots of cash.

h) ... get traveller's checks.

i) ... take a lot of luggage.

j) ... check on visas.

j) ... carry your wallet in a back pocket.

Pair work. Give more pieces of advice.

Group work. What advice would you give tourists planning

to visit your city or country?

What time of the year should they visit?

What kinds of clothing do you think they ought to bring?

Where should they stay?

What places should they visit?

What should they see?

Is there anything they shouldn't do?

What other advice would you give them?

6. Chris: Nell! I was digging in the garden and I've just cut

my foot with the spade.

Nell: Oh dear! How did you manage to do that? OK. You'd better let me have a look.

Chris: Ouch! It really hurts a lot.

Nell: It doesn't look too good. I think you'd better go along to the Out-patients Department at the hos­pital. You'd better have an injection. There could be germs in the wound.

7. Gina and Frank are having lunch.

Gina: Frank, we've got a problem. We don't have enough money to pay the rent this month.

Frank: I know. I guess I'd better ask Mom and Dad for a loan.

Gina: And I'd better ask my boss for a raise.

Frank: Do you think you'll get it?

Gina: I don't know. But maybe I'd better not take another English course for a while.

Frank: Gina, you can't stop studying English. It's impor­tant. This is an English-speaking country. You can't get ahead without English.

Gina: I know.

Frank: I'd better get a part-time job. I can work at the office during the day and then do something else at night. In fact, I'd better check the newspaper right now.

A. Pretend you have something to do (a date, a meeting, a class, etc.). Ask the time and then give yourself some advice.

A: Victor, have you got the time?

B: Yeah, it's 3.00.

A: I'd better go. I haven't done my homework yet.

or

I have a date at 3.30. I'd better not be late.

8. Maggie and Daisy are having tea with Daisy's aunt in the country.

Aunt: Would you like some bread and butter Daisy? Daisy: No thank you, I'd better not have any, I'm on a

diet.

Aunt: Some bread and butter for you, Maggie? Maggie: Well, I know I shouldn't, but I think I will have

some.

Aunt: How about a cake then, Daisy? Daisy: No thank you, I'd better not have one, I'm on a

diet.

Aunt: What about you Maggie, would you like one? Maggie: Well, I know I shouldn't, but I think I will have

one.

A. Complete the following and discuss the meaning you wish to express by giving reasons for your statement.

Example, I'd better...

Possible response: I'd better write my mother a letter. (Reason: If I don't, there will be a bad result: she'll be angry or start worrying about me or feel hurt.)

1. I should ... 2. I'm supposed to ... 3. I ought to ... 4. I'd better ... 5. I have to ... 6. I've got to ... 7. I am to ... 8. I must ... 9. I shouldn't ... 10. I'm supposed to ... 11. I'd better not ... 12. I don't have to ... 13. I must not ...

9. Jane: Sylvia is having trouble with her parents. They say

she ought to do more at school. She knows she should work harder for the exams, but she's angry because her parents don't like her friends. Although she's almost sixteen, she's supposed to be home every night by eight o'clock.

Nick: Perhaps her parents ought to trust her more. They shouldn't treat her like a child. Why don't they like her friends?

Jane: I'm not sure. Sylvia's mother says that they are very rude. They don't do any school work. Sylvia is supposed to do her homework every night but she goes out with her friends instead. She says she wants to leave home.

Nick: She had better not do that. She might regret it.

Jane: But her parents just complain and never listen.

Nick: I think they had better start listening before it's too late.

A. WHAT DO YOU THINK?

a. What do you think Sylvia, her parents and her friends should do to improve the situation? Say sentences from the table.

Sylvia should/ought to talk to her parents.

b. What else do you think Sylvia, her friends and Sylvia's parents ought to/should do or shouldn't do? Write five more suggestions. Take turns to read them to the class.

Sylvia's parents should try to get to know her friends better.

c. What do you think they should do in the following situations? Say a sentence with had better and a sentence with had better not for each situation.

Sylvia's exams are in two weeks' time. She had better do some work. She had better not waste time.

1. Sylvia's friends want to go to the cinema.

2. Sylvia wants to invite her friends to a party.

3. Sylvia's parents want to watch television, but Sylvia is playing very loud music in her room.

4. Sylvia's friend Anne wants Sylvia to go on holiday with her and her family.

5. Sylvia wants to go away for the weekend with some friends.

Her parents are worried about her. They don't want her to go.

6. Sylvia has decided to try to explain to her parents why she isn't happy at home.

B. WHAT ARE YOU SUPPOSED TO DO?

a. Sylvia is supposed to be home by eight o'clock every evening. Which of the following things are you (not) supposed to do? Say your answers.

I am supposed to tell my parents the truth.

I am not supposed to park my bicycle in the living-room.

tell your parents the truth

park your bicycle in the living-room

help at home sometimes

tell your parents where you are going every time you go

out

be punctual for meals

tell your parents if you will be home later than usual

eat everything that's on your plate

sit at table in silence during meals

stay out all night without permission

take all your friends home to meet your parents

stay in bed until lunchtime at weekends

wear dirty shoes inside the house play loud music late at night go everywhere with your parents

b. Work with a partner. Interview him/her about what he/ she is supposed to do at home.

YOU If you want to go out, are you always suppo-

sed to ask your parents?

PARTNER I am supposed to ask them if I want to stay overnight at a friend's house.

10. Liza is Mrs Ross's au pair. One Sunday evening she came back from London looking very upset.

Mrs Ross: What's the matter dear?

Liza: Something awful happened. We went to the

Portobello Road and someone stole my hand­bag.

Mrs Ross: Oh, dear, did you lose a lot of money?

Liza: No, only a few pounds, but my passport was in

the bag. That's what I'm really worried about.

Mrs Ross: You must tell your embassy about it and I think they'll issue you with a new one.

Liza: I'd better go tomorrow.

Mrs Ross: No, you needn't go tomorrow, but you mustn't leave it too long. Did you report it to the police?

Liza: No, I couldn't find a policeman.

Mrs Ross: Well, you must report that it's been stolen and give the police a description of your handbag. You'd better go to the local police tomorrow morning.

Liza: Perhaps I could go to the embassy on Satur-

day?

Mrs Ross: They might not be open on a Saturday, so you ought to ring them to check first.

Liza: Yes, I'll do it tomorrow.

Mrs Ross: And Liza ...

Liza: Yes?

Mrs Ross: Don't be too upset ... it's not the end of the world.

A. Questions:

1. What is Liza's job? 2. What happened to her in the Portobello Road? 3. Did she lose much money? 4. What else did she lose? 5. Where can she get a new one? 6. Where must she go on Monday? Why? 7. When might she go to the embassy? 8. What ought she to do first?

B. Look at these ideas:

You must tell your embassy. You ought to ring them.

You'd better go to the local police station tomorrow

morning.

Note that all three of these are interchangeable, but by changing them we alter the meaning of the sentence.

YOU MUST TELL YOUR EMBASSY ABOUT IT is an urgent recommendation in this text, though it is usually an order. YOU OUGHT TO INFORM YOUR EMBASSY is a strong recommendation.

YOU'D BETTER INFORM YOUR EMBASSY is a piece of advice.

You are speaking to a friend. Make up three sentences for each situation below.

1. see/dentist/tomorrow

2. speak/doctor/about it

3. complain/manager

4. take it back/shop

5. write/to him tomorrow

6. ask/day off

7. tell Jack/deal with it

8. send her/telegram

9. telephone/hotel

10. have/a few days off

C. Look at this pattern:

A professional footballer train very hard/smoke

A professional footballer must train very hard. A professional footballer mustn't smoke.

Say what these people must or mustn't do.

1. The driver of a car

have a licence/drive without a licence

2. A doctor

study for a long time/practise without being qualified

3. A teacher of English for foreigners speak too fast/ speak clearly

4. a hospital nurse

be kind and understanding/too upset at the sight of blood

5. A passenger on British Rail

have a ticket/travel without a ticket

6. A visitor to the zoo

pay at the entrance/feed the monkeys

7. A bus driver

drive too fast/drive very carefully

8. A shop assistant

be rude to the customers/be familiar with the goods she's selling

9. A referee

know the rules of the game/be afraid of making unpo­pular decisions

10. A policeman

accept bribes/be honest

D. Look at this pattern:

tomorrow/you can go on Saturday

You needn't go tomorrow, you can go on Saturday.

What other things needn't your friend do?

1. any coffee/we have plenty

2. your key/I've got mine

3. lock ... door/we'll be back in a few moments

4. wait ... landlady/you can leave her a note

5. umbrella/isn't going to rain

6. money now/ you can pay me later

7. coffee for me/I've just had my tea

8. any money/the shops will all be closed

9. reserve seats/ it's not a very popular play

10. get ... stamps/ I found some

E. Give your friend some advice in the following situations. Use you'd better ...

1.1 only bought these shoes last week and this heel has come off already.

2. This tooth hurts when I drink anything cold.

3. I sent the money off for those theatre tickets two weeks ago. I still haven't heard anything, and the performance is on Friday.

4. The milkman forgot to deliver any milk today.

5. Oh, dear. I forgot to take that book to the library.

6. It's some time since this suit was cleaned.

7. Bother, I didn't post that letter to the bank.

8. Oh, I forgot to send my sister a birthday card and it's her birthday tomorrow.

F. Idea for discussion

In big cities there are thieves, and they often steal from foreign visitors. What advice would you give your young brother or sister, who was going abroad for the first time? Are there special places where a visitor must be careful? Is it more dangerous at night? How much cash should one carry? What is the advantage of having traveller's che­ques?

11. A: How was your dinner party? B: I think it went pretty well. A: That's good.

B: Yeah, but we shouldn't have invited my wife's boss.

We couldn't get him to leave! A: Really? How late did he stay?

В: Until two o'clock in the morning! And we both had to

work the next day. A: Oh, he shouldn't have stayed so late. That was really

inconsiderate. I would have asked him to leave earlier. B: Well, it's really difficult to say that to your boss!

A, What would you have done in this situation?

B. Do you sometimes wish you had done things differently in your life? Think of three things and talk about them.

Well, I probably should have gone to a different university. I guess I shouldn't have got married so young.

12. Gloria didn't do as well as she should have at a job interview today. She didn't get the job, and she realizes now that she should have done a few things differently.

She should have spoken more confidently. She should have told more about her previous experience. And she probably should have worn more conservative clothes,

In addition, she shouldn't have arrived late for the inter­view. She shouldn't have smoked a lot in the interviewer's office. And she definitely shouldn't have asked so many ques­tions about vacations and sick days.

Gloria will certainly do a few things differently the next time she has a job interview!

A. Questions

1. How did Gloria do at a job interview today? 2. What does she realize now? 3. How should she have spoken? 4. What should she have told more about? 5. What should she have worn? 6. In addition, what shouldn't she have done?

B. In your opinion, what should Gloria do the next time she has a job interview?

C. Discuss or write what you think the people in the following situations should have done and should not have done.

1. Tom didn't study for the test. During the exam he panicked and started looking at other students' test papers. He didn't think the teacher saw him, but she did. She warned

him once to stop cheating, but he continued. As a result, the teacher took Tom's paper, told him to leave the room, and failed him on the exam.

Tom should have studied for the test.

He shouldn't have panicked during the test.

He shouldn't have started cheating.

He should have known the teacher would see him cheating.

He should have stopped cheating after the first warning.

The teacher should have ripped Tom's paper and sent

him out of the room the first time she saw him cheating.

2. John and his wife, Julie, had good jobs as professionals in New York City. John was offered a high paying job in Chicago, which he immediately accepted. Julie was shocked when he came home that evening and told her the news. She liked her job and the people she worked with, and she did not want to move away and look for another job.

3. Ann agreed to meet her friend Carl at the library to help him with his chemistry homework. On the way, she stopped at a cafe where her boyfriend worked. Her boyfriend told her he could get off work early that night, so the two of them decided to go to a movie. Ann didn't cancel her plans with Carl. Carl waited for three hours at the library.

4. Donna had been saving her money for three years for a trip abroad. Her brother Larry had a good job but spent all of his money on expensive cars, clothes, and enter­tainment. Suddenly, Larry was fired from his job and had no money to support himself while he looked for another one. Donna lent him nearly all of her savings, and within three weeks he spent it all on his car, more clothes, and expensive restaurants.

13. Last Christmas, the circus owner, Jimmy Gates, decided to take some presents to a children's hospital. Dressed up as Father Christmas and accompanied by a 'guard of honour' of six pretty girls, he set off down the main street of the city riding a baby elephant called Jumbo. He should have known that the police would never allow

this sort of thing. A policeman approached Jimmy and told him he ought to have gone along a side-street as Jumbo was holding up the traffic. Though Jimmy agreed to go at once, Jumbo refused to move. Fifteen policemen had to push very hard to get him off the main street. The police had a difficult time, but they were most amused. 'Jumbo must weigh a few tons,' said a policeman afterwards, 'so it was fortunate that we didn't have to carry him. Of course, we should arrest him, but as he has a good record, we shall let him off this time.'

A. Supply the correct form of should, ought to,or have toin these sentences.

1. I (... not tell) him this news; he was so much upset but I really (... do) so, for the circumstances demanded that.

2. I didn't go shopping this morning as I (... do) the house­work.

3. You (... see) him dance! You have missed a lot. I (... take) you to the concert.

4. You (... ask) for permission before you left the table.

5. 'It is very wicked of you,' she said. 'You (... be) ashamed of yourself.'

6. After she had gone I found myself wondering whether I ... do anything for her.

7. I'll see and speak to Maurice. He (... not behave) like that.

8. That day, however, I had a pupil waiting for an English lesson and I (... cut) my visit short.

9. I think I (... let) your parents know we are here.

10. I realize now I (... not say) anything.

11. What a pity you (... go). I know it's time for you to catch your train.

12. I finished all of my homework this afternoon. I (... not study) tonight.

13. These books (... return) to the library by tomorrow.

14. He is her freind. He (... invite) to the party.

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