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Cinemas in London
London is full of cinemas and cinema clubs, some of them showing a large number of continental films. Cinema-going is a regular habit for a considerable number of people in London; the number of cinema-goers is much larger than that of theatre-goers. Unfortunately, the cinema in Britain is looked upon as rather an entertainment than «the arts». As a result, comparatively few films of international standard of quality are shot in Britain, and if they are, they are often a commercial failure.
If you want to know which films are on, there are many publications to help you. Any daily newspaper will have a short list of films and shows; some newspapers on sale in the middle of the day give the full list of films supplied with the hour when they begin.
Some cinemas show films in the afternoon, early evening and late evening; others have continuous programmes from about two o'clock in the afternoon till late at night.
In case you want to watch a film which is a hit of the season, with a popular actor or actress starring, and can't get to the cinema early enough to get tickets, you can buy them in advance in most large stores and hotels.
CONTROL WORK 1
Variant 5
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Castles and Gardens
The Scots are great gardeners and you will find their gardens full of colour throughout the year, usually at their most beautiful when situated in the grounds of a magnificent castle.
Stirling Castle, like Edinburgh, is perched on a crag above the town. Up the east coast, in the regions of Dundee and Perth, Scone Palace has links with the earliest history of Scottish royalty, and it contents incorporate splendid French furniture. Almost as historic Glamis Castle, 15th сеntury at its core, Blair Castle too, has played an important part in Scottish history and even today the Duke at Atholl has his own army –the only private one in Britain.
St. Andrews has a castle, now in ruins, which was the Bishop’s palace as well as a fortress. Kinburn Park contains a scented garden planted especially for the blind. In the Aberdeen area, Craigievar Castle is a six-storeyed tower house, its skyline full of detail and typical of the original ‘baronial’ style.
GRAMMAR REFERENCE
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК
НОРМАТИВНЫЕ ПРЕДМЕТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА
Appendix1
THE PRONOUN
МЕСТОИМЕНИЕ
ЛИЧНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ (кто) (кого, кому, кем, о ком) Who ? Whom? | ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ (ЧЕЙ) Whose? | |
ИМЕНИТ. ПАДЕЖ | КОСВЕН. ПАДЕЖИ | |
I | me | my |
You | you | your |
He | him | his |
She | her | her |
It | it | its |
We | us | our |
You | you | your |
They | them | their |
Appendix 2
THE VERB TO BE in Present Simple
+ | - | ? | ||
I am a student. | I am not a student. | Am I a student? | ||
You are a student. | You are not a student. | Are you a student? | ||
He is a student. | He is not a student. | Is he a student? | ||
It is a student. | It is not a student. | Is ita student? | ||
She is a student. | She is not a student. | Is she a student? | ||
We are students. | We are not students. | Are we students? | ||
You are students. | You are not students. | Are you students? | ||
They are students. | They are not students. | Are they students? | ||
THE VERB TO BE in Past Simple | ||||
+ | - | ? | ||
I was a lovely child. | I was not a naughty child. | Was I a lovely child? | ||
He was a lovely child. | He was not a naughty child. | Was he a lovely child? | ||
She was a lovely child. | She was not a naughty child. | Was she a lovely child? | ||
It was a lovely day. | It was not a gloomy day. | Was it a lovely day? | ||
We were lovely children. | We were not naughty kids. | Were we lovely children? | ||
You were lovely children. | You were not naughty kids | Were you lovely children? | ||
They were lovely children. | They were not naughty kids. | Were they lovely children? | ||
THE VERB TO BE in Future Simple
+ | - | ? |
I will be all right. | I will not be bad. | Will I be all right? |
You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you beall right? |
He will be all right. | He will not be bad. | Will he be all right? |
She will be all right. | She will not be bad. | Will she be all right? |
It will be all right. | It will not be bad. | Will it be all right? |
We will be all right. | We will not be bad. | Will we be all right? |
You will be all right. | You will not be bad. | Will you be all right? |
They will be all right. | They will not be bad. | Will they be all right? |
Сводная таблица изменений видовременных форм глагола в действительном залоге Appendix3
S I M P L E | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
Always, usually, sometimes, often, seldom, never, every day (week, month, year), twice | Yesterday, last week (month, year, summer) …ago, When? | Tomorrow, next week (year, Sunday), in a week, soon | ||
I V1 You play We write They | V2 played – прав. гл. wrote – не прав. гл. | will+V1 will play will write | ||
He plays She writes It | ||||
I You play We do not write They (don’t)_____________________ He does not play She (doesn’t) write It | did not+V1 did not play (didn’t) write | will not+V1 will not play (won’t) write | ||
I Do you play …? we write…? they_______________________ he Does she play…? It write…? | Did+подлежащее+V1…? Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Did I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | Will +подлежащее+V1…? Will I/ you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | ||
C O N T I N U O U S | Now; at this moment; Look! | Yesterday at 5 o’clock; when you came | Tomorrow at this time; when you come | |
To be+ V4 I am You playing We are writing They____________ He She is It | was / were +V4 You We were They________________ playing I He was writing She | will be+V4 will be playing will be writing | ||
To be not + V4 I am You not playing We are writing They____________ He She is It | was / were +not + V4 You We were They______________not playing I He was writing She | will be+ not + V4 will not be playing will not be writing | ||
Am I you Are we they playing? he writing? Is she it | I Was he She it playing? you writing? Were we they | Will +подлежащее+ be+V4…? I you he Will she be playing? it writing? we they |
P E R F E C T | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
Just; already; yet; before, lately, so far; never; ever; since | Before he came; by 5 o’clock yesterday | Before you come; by 5 o’clock tomorrow | ||
have / has + V3 I V1 You have played We written They | had + V3 had played had written | will have+V3 will have played will have written | ||
He played She has written It | ||||
I You played We have not written They _(haven’t)____________________ He has not played She (hasn’t) written It | had not + V3 had not played had not written | will not have+V3 will not have played (won’t) have written | ||
I Have you played …? we written…? they_______________________ he Has she played…? it written…? | Had + подлежащее + V3? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they played? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they written? | Will + подлежащее +have +V3…? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it play? Will I/you/we/they/he/she/it write? | ||
P E R F E C T C O N T I N U O U S | For 3 hours already; since morning; since he came; How long…? Since when…? | Since the time when; before he came for 3 hours; | For 3 hours before you come | |
Have / has been+ V4 I You We have been They____________ playing He writing She has been It | Had been+V4 had been playing had been writing | will have been +V4 will have been playing will have been writing | ||
Have / has not + V4 I You We have not been They____________ playing He writing She has not been It | had+ not + been +V4 had not been playing had not been writing | Will not have been +V4 will not have been playing will not have been writing | ||
I you Have we been they playing? he writing? Has she been it | Had + подлежащее + been +V4? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been playing? Had I/you/he/she/it/we/they been writing? | Will+подлежащее+have+been+V4? I you he Will she have been playing? it writing? we they |
Appendix 4
Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов в страдательном залоге
PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE | |
S I M P L E | I am He/she/it is + V3 We/you/they are | I/he/she/it was + V3 we/you/they were | will be + V3 |
C O N T I N U O U S | am is being + V3 are | was being + V3 were | Не используется |
P E R F E C T | We/you/they have been + V3 He/she/it has | had been + V3 | will have been +V3 |
Appendix 5
Типы вопросов | ||
Тип вопроса | вопрос | ответ |
Общие вопросы | Do you work? Is she reading? | Yes, I do. / No. I don't Yes, she is. / No, she isn't |
Специальные вопросы | Where do you work? What is she reading? | I work at а plant. She is reading a book. |
Who knows this story? | He (does). | |
Разделительные вопросы | You work much, don't you? She can't sing, can she? | Yes, I do. / No, I don’t Yes, she can. / No, she can't. |
Альтернативные вопросы | ( have you) Have you a flat or a room? ( does he know) Does he know French or English? | I have a flat. He knows English. |
Appendix 6
THE ADJECTIVE
ИМЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ
The degrees of comparison
Степени сравнения
Краткие прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи суффиксов.
К кратким прилагательным относятся
А) односложные прилагательные: long; large
В) двусложные прилагательные, оканчивающиеся на – y; -er; ar;
POSITIVE (ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНАЯ) | COMPARATIVE (СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ) | SUPERLATIVE (ПРЕВОСХОДНАЯ) |
as… as He is as tall as his father. not so… as She is not so nice as her sister. | -er than long-longer large-larger red-redder happy-happier He is taller than his father. | the …-est the longest the largest the reddest the happiest He is the tallest in his class. |
Многосложные прилагательные образуют степени сравнения при помощи вспомогательных слов.
POSITIVE (ПОЛОЖИТЕЛЬНАЯ) | COMPARATIVE (СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ) | SUPERLATIVE (ПРЕВОСХОДНАЯ) |
as… as This film version is as interesting as the book. not so… as This dish is not so delicious as that one. | The book is more interesting than the film. | This book is the most interesting I have ever read. |
EXEPTIONS (ИСКЛЮЧЕНИЯ):
Good – better- the best
Bad- worse – the worst
Many – more – the most
Much – more – the most
Little – less – the least
Old – elder (older) – the eldest (the oldest)
Far – farther (further) – the farthest (the furthest)
Appendix 7
Сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточным времени или условия
В сложноподчиненных предложениях с придаточным времени или условия в английском языке в придаточной части предложения группа будущих времен не употребляется. После следующих союзов и предлогов времени will /would; shall /should не ставится.
If - если
Unless – если не
When - когда
Before – до того как
After – после того как
Till - пока
Until – пока не
As soon as – как только
By the time – к тому времени как
1.ИЗЪЯВИТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ.
Обе части в данном типе предложения, и главная и придаточная, переводятся на русский язык будущим временем. В английском языке в придаточном предложении употребляется настоящее время.
Я поеду за город, если погода будет хорошая
Главное предложение | Придаточное предложение |
Future Simple | Present Simple |
Will + V1 | V1 |
I will go out of town, | if the weather is good. |
2. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ 1. Описывает события, которые могли бы произойти сегодня или в будущем.
Я бы поехала за город завтра, если бы погода была хорошая.
Главное предложение | Придаточное предложение |
Future Simple- in –the - Past | Past Simple |
Would + V1 | V2 |
I would go out of town tomorrow | if the weather were good. |
В придаточном предложении этого типа глагол to be имеет форму сослагательного наклонения were для всех лиц.
If I were you, I would go and see the doctor.
I wish I were at home now. – Хорошо бы, если бы я был дома сейчас.
2. СОСЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ НАКЛОНЕНИЕ 2. Описывает события, которые могли бы произойти, но не произошли в прошлом.
Я бы поехала за город вчера, если бы погода была хорошая.
Главное предложение | Придаточное предложение |
Future Perfect- in –the – Past | Past Perfect |
Would + have + V3 | Had + V3 |
I would have gone out of town yesterday | if the weather had been good. |
I wish I had been at home yesterday. – Как жаль, что меня не было дома вчера.
Appendix 8
REPORTED SPEECH
КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ
1. ПРОСЬБЫ, КОМАНДЫ И ПРИКАЗЫ передаются в косвенной речи при помощи инфинитива.
+ -
to be – not to be
to go – not to go
слова автора + инфинитив
прямая речь косвенная речь
He said, “Open the door!” He told to open the door.
She said, “Don’t be late!” She told not to be late.
She said, “Close the window, please!” She asked to close the window.
2. ПОВЕСТВОВАТЕЛЬНОЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЕ.
Слова автора + (that) + подлежащее + сказуемое в соответствии с правилом согласования времен
При переводе в косвенную речь следует помнить о «сдвиге времен», т.е. о правиле согласования времен. Времена меняются следующим образом:
Present Simple – Past Simple
Present Continuous – Past Continuous
Present Perfect – Past Perfect
Past Simple – Past Perfect
Past Continuous – Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect – Past Perfect Continuous
Future Tenses – Future Tenses – in-the Past
Am / is - was
Are – were
Has / have - had
Don’t/doesn’t – didn’t
Can – could
Must – must / had to
Will – would
Shall - should
Меняются также следующие указательные местоимения и обстоятельства времени:
This –that
These – those
Here –there
Today –that day
Now – then, at that moment
Yesterday – the day before, the previous day
Tomorrow – the following day, the next day
Next week – the next week
Last week – the week before, the previous week
…ago - …before
прямая речь косвенная речь
He said to Mike, “I like music.” He told Mike that he liked music.
She said to Terry, “Nick went home.” She told Terry that Nick had gone home.
Не забудьте также изменять личные и притяжательные местоимения в соответствии со смыслом.
3. ВОПРОСИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ.
Важно соблюдать правильный порядок слов. Вопросительный знак не ставится.
А) Общий вопрос
Слова автора + if (whether) + подлежащее + сказуемое
прямая речь косвенная речь
He said, “Do you like music?” He asked if I liked music.
She said to Bill, “Did Paul like music?” She asked Bill if Paul had liked music.
He said to Helen, “Will you go home?” He asked Helen if she would go home.
В) Специальный вопрос
Слова автора + вопросительное слово + подлежащее + сказуемое
прямая речь косвенная речь
He said to Ann, “Where do you live?” He asked Ann where she lived.
She said to Tom, “What did you do?” She asked Tom what he had done.
Appendix 9
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
В сложноподчиненном предложении время в придаточной части предложения согласуется с временной формой в главной части предложения. Если в главной части сказуемое стоит в прошедшем времени, то в придаточном предложении может употреблятся тоже одно из прошедших времен.
Для обозначения одновременных действий в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Simple или Past Continuous. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в настоящем времени.
He knew that she lived in London. – Он знал, что она живет в Лондоне.
She was sure that her son was doing his homework at that time. – Она была уверена, что ее сын делает свою домашнюю работу в то время.
Для обозначений действий, предшедствующих действию в главном предложении в придаточном предложении употребляется Past Perfect. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в прошедшем времени.
He said he had seen that film before. – Он сказал, что смотрел этот фильм раньше.
Для обозначений действий, которые произойдут в будущем с точки зрения прошедшего времени, в придаточном предложении употребляется Future-in-the-Past. Глагол в придаточном предложении переводим на русский язык глаголом в будущем времени.
He informed us that he would go to Paris soon. – Он сообщил нам, что поедет в Париж вскоре.
Appendix 10
MODAL WORDS
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
VERB & ITS MEANING | PRESENT | PAST | FUTURE |
Must – долженствование; обязанность (должен, обязан) | must | had to | will have to |
Have to – вынужденная необходимость (должен, нужно) | has to/have to | had to | will have to |
Be to – договоренность (должен, предстоит) | am/is/are to | was/were to | _____________ |
Should – совет (следует, нужно) | should | _____________ | _____________ |
Ought to – совет, моральный долг (следует, должен) | ought to | _____________ | _____________ |
Can – физическая способность; возможность; разрешение (могу, умею, можно) | can | could | will be able to |
Be able to – способность (могу, способен) | am/is/are able to | was/were able to | will be able to |
May- разрешение Возможность (можно, может быть) | may | might | ______________ |
Need- необходимость (Нужно…, нет необходимости) | Need…? needn’t | _____________ | ______________ |
Appendix 11
COMPLEX OBJECT
Инфинитивный оборот: ДОПОЛНЕНИЕ С ИНФИНИТИВОМ
В переводе на русский язык данный оборот образует сложноподчиненное предложение, в котором инфинитив становится сказуемым. Схема данного оборота следующая:
Подлежащее + сказуемое + дополнение + Infinitive
(образуют главное предложение) (образуют придаточное предложение)
Сказуемое в таком предожении обычно выражается глаголом, после которого можно поставить союз что или чтобы.
To think - думать
To believe – верить, считать
To expect – ожидать
To suppose – предполагать
To know - знать
To learn - узнать
To find out - выяснить
To consider - считать
To understand - понимать
Дополнение может быть выражено именем существительным или местоимением в объектном падеже.
мe
уou
him
her
it
us
them
I thought that he was a good student. – I thought him to be a good student.
He supposed that they would come soon. – He supposed them to come soon.