Reflexive and emphatic pronouns

Reflexive and emphatic pronouns have the categories of person, number and gender in the third person singular.

Reflexive pronouns correspond to the Russian reflexive verb with the suffix –ся:

They enjoyed themselves at the party. – Они повеселились на вечеринке.

In modern English reflexive pronouns are not generally used with the verbs to wash, to dress, to bathe, to shave, to hide, to behave:

Do you like to bathe in the sea?

But the pronouns are used in the imperative sentences:

Wash yourself, you’re so dirty!

Emphatic pronouns correspond to the Russian pronoun сам, сама, сами:

He himself disliked the idea. – Ему самому не нравилась эта идея.

Emphatic pronouns are placed after the subject or at the end of the sentence if they modify the subject, and if they modify an object they’re placed after it:

I’ll do it myself.

They themselves went there.

They know much about his books but don’t know him himself.

The Russian pronoun «себя» doesn’t always have a corresponding pronoun in English, because of the difference in grammatical constructions and the meanings of the verbs:

Она чувствует себя плохо. – She feels bad. (‘feels bad’ is a compound nominal predicate where ‘feel’ is a link verb that cannot have an object).

Она ведёт себя как ребёнок. – She behaves like a child. (the meaning of the verb ‘to behave’ does not require reflexive pronouns).

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another. The pronoun each other generally implies two persons, one another refers to more than two persons. They have two cases: the common case and the possessive case:

Now they hate each other. They often quarrelled with one another. They looked into each other’s face.

Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are this, that, such, (the) same. The pronouns this and that have two numbers: this – these, that – those.

This is used to point at what is nearer in time or space; that points at what is father away in time and space. Both of them can point to things, persons, or situations:

This was my old dear car again.

Do you remember that?

The pronoun such points to a certain quality in things, persons, or situations:

I like such little towns as this.

He could not love her. Such was everyone’s verdict.

The pronoun same is always used with the definite article:

That day was the same as before.

Interrogative pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions. They are: who, whose, what, which.

The pronoun who has the category of case: the nominative case is who, the objective case is whom. Who refers to people:

Who is going to come today?

What refers to things but it may be applied to persons when one asks about their occupation:

What did you say?

What is she? – She is a painter.

Which corresponds to the Russian «который из», it сап refer to persons or things:

Which of these men is your husband?

Relative pronouns

Relative pronouns (who, whose, which, that,) introduce attributive clauses.

Who is used to refer to human beings and animals:

That is the man who has saved your child.

Whose is mainly used to refer to people and animals but it may be applied to things:

Then the man whose face I still could not see began to sing.

The village whose roofs were seen in the distance was N.

Which is used to refer to both things and animals:

I took the letter which was on the window sill.

That is mainly used in reference to animals and things but it may be used to refer to people:

On one side was a low wall that separated it from the street.

The girl that we met yesterday is my sister.

Conjunctive pronouns

Conjunctive pronouns (who, what, which, whose) introduce subject clauses, object clauses and predicative clauses:

Who did this will be sorry about it. (subject clause)

I know who did it. (object clause)

That’s exactly what you’ve got. (predicative clause)

Defining pronouns

Defining pronouns are: all, each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, either, both, other, another.

All is a generalising pronoun, it takes a group of things or persons as a whole:

All were present. All night long she sat by the window. I haven’t read all the book.

Both points out two persons, things, notions mentioned before:

You can study French or you can study German or cut them both out and study Spanish.

Each, every, everybody, everyone, everything refer to all the members of the group of persons, things or notions mentioned before. When used as subjects, each, everybody, everyone, everything take a verb in the singular:

She looked in every corner, but couldn’t find anything.

Each of them keeps silent.

He went into the dining-room, there was everybody.

The pronouns everybody and everyone have two cases: the common case and the possessive case:

Everyone’s success depended on him.

Either has two meanings: a) each of the two; b) one or the other:

Either of these will do. – Любой из них подойдёт.

The pronoun other has two numbers: singular – other; plural– others. It has two cases: the common case and the possessive case (other’s, others’).

Other has the meaning «другой из двух предметов или лиц» in this case it is always used with the definite article:

Then he gave me his other hand.

Another has two meanings: a) a different one; b) an additional one:

I don’t like this dress, show me another. She asked me a question, then another.

Indefinite pronouns

Indefinite pronouns are: some, any, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, something, anything, one.

The pronouns somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, one have two cases: the common case and the possessive case.

Some is mainly used in the affirmative sentences while any is used in negative and interrogative sentences and conditional clauses.

Some used with plural count nouns has the meaning of «несколько, некоторые»:

I have a lot of flowers in my garden, some flowers are sweet-scented.

Some used with singular count nouns is translated into Russian as «какой-то, какой-нибудь»:

Tell me some interesting story.

Some used with non-count nouns has the meaning of «немного, некоторое количество»:

There is some milk in the bottle.

Some is used in special and general questions expressing request or proposal:

Do you want some water? Would you like to see some of my pictures?

Some is used in interrogative sentences if an affirmative answer is expected:

Are you waiting for some friend? – Yes.

Any used with plural count nouns is translated as «какие-то, какие-нибудь»:

Are there any children in the park?

Any used with non-count nouns has the meaning of «сколько-нибудь»:

Is there any water in the kettle?

Any can be used in the affirmative sentences. In this case it has the meaning of любой»:

I can read any English book in the original.

The pronoun one indicates people in general:

One never knows what may happen. – Никогда не знаешь, что может случиться.

Negative pronouns

Negative pronouns are: no, none, nothing, nobody, no one, neither.

Unlike Russian, in sentences with negative pronouns no other negative words can be used:

I told him nothing. – Я ему ничего не сказал.

Only two negative pronouns have the category of case: nobody – nobody’s, no one – no one’s.

No and none refer to all nouns denoting both persons and things, nothing refers to things, nobody, no one refer to persons only.

The pronoun neither refers to two persons or things, when it’s used as subject, the predicate verb is in the singular:

Neither was present.

None refers to many people and agrees with the predicate verb in the plural:

None were present at the meeting.

The pronoun no is used only before nouns:

No trees could be seen.

The pronouns nobody, no one, nothing require a verb in the singular:

Nothing is important here. Nobody was looking at her.

EXERCISES

Exercise 1. Use the appropriate personal pronouns:

1. ... say there’s been a great earthquake in the Pacific. 2. If ... see a giraffe once a year ... remains a spectacle; if ... see ... daily ... becomes part of the scenery. 3. «Mary’s married now», said Mrs Scott. «... was in the ‘Times’». 4. The «Friedrich Weber» was a freighter (грузовое судно) sailing from Hamburg to Colombo. ... also carried passengers. 5. There was a lot of noise all around now, and amongst could hear a plane flying unusually low. 6. Pat soon made ... clear that ... did not want to stay there long. 7. I got my hat and beat ... . 8. He is dreadfully ugly. ... must not start when ... see ... , or ... will put ... off. ... doesn’t like ... to feel sorry for ... . 9. We were climbing a steep hill and the car throbbed as if ... were going to expire. 10. … was cold to sit on the terrace, pretending that ... was really a summer evening. 11. «Our aim is to keep Italy out of the war until ... is strong enough to come in on our side», said the colonel. 12. Poor old England! I don’t suppose I shall ever see ... again.

Exercise 2. Use the appropriate form of the possessive pronoun.

1. She put out ... hand and took out ... (her, hers; my, mine). (Hemingway) 2. «Let me see your passports», I gave him … and Catherine got ... out of ... handbag (my, mine; her, hers; her, hers). (Hemingway) 3. Mind ... own business and I’ll mind ... (your, yours; my, mine). (Lindsay) 4. Ditcher put his hand gently on … to calm her (her, hers). (Shaw)5. The next voice to speak up was not the Lieutenant’s but ... (my, mine). (Salinger) 6. That, at least, is my opinion of him; and I see it is not very far removed from ... (your, yours). (Dickens) 7. ... was not a marriage that could last (their, theirs). (Bellow) 8. ... nerves are as bad as ... (your, yours; my, mine). (Greene) 9. His eyes were as bright as ... (her, hers). (Snow) 10. After all, this is ... home just as much as ... (your, yours; my, mine). (Maugham) 11. «Go with Lucy», said Mrs Bretton. «I would rather keep ... seat». Willingly would I have kept ... also, but Graham’s desire must take precedence of my own; I accompanied him (my, mine; my, mine). (Ch. Bronte) 12. His own hand shook as he accepted a rose or two from … and thanked her (her, hers). (Dickens)

Exercise 3. Choose between a possessive pronoun and the definite article.

1. She got to ... feet and began to brush off ... dress. 2. Mr Black gave ... wife a leather bag for ... birthday. 3. Don’t show this letter to ... brother. 4. There was a cold wind blowing, so I put on ... heavy coat. 5. He took me by ... hand and led out of the room. 6. His father touched him on ... arm. 7. He took the child into ... arms. 8. What have you done to ... face? 9. He patted Jack heartily on ... shoulder. 10. He bent ... head low. 11. She slapped him on ... cheek. 12. It’s going to rain. I’d better take ... raincoat. 13. She put ... glass back on the table. 14. He crossed ... legs. 15. He was wounded in ... leg. 16. He buttoned up ... coat. 17. He caught me by ... sleeve.

Exercise 4. Use the appropriate form of possessive pronouns.

1.The man next door has been busy cutting the grass in (he) garden. 2. He put (he) hand in (she). 3. «This foolish wife of (he) thinks I’m a great artist», said he. 4. Very well, Mother, I’ll have (I) hair cut this afternoon. 5. Then he stopped and pointed and said: «Those are peas». I said, «We’ve got some peas, too». «I expect (you) are bigger than (our)», he said politely. 6. Edwin said, «Dear Mary, we all felt with you. (you) distress was (we)». 7.We can do (we) shopping before lunch. 8. There’s a ghastly article of (he) about it in this evening’s paper. 9. She folded the letter and replaced it in (it) envelope. 10. The children had had (they) tea. Kate was late for (she) as usual, Mary and Paul were having (they). 11.This demand of (they) is quite ridiculous. 12. She makes all (she) clothes herself. 13. This book is (I). There is (I) name on it.

Exercise 5. Point out the reflexive pronouns and define their function.

1. Much more than most politicians Gave knew himself. (Snow) 2. Meanwhile, he paraded himself gloriously before this young man. (Priestley) 3. Of course, I myself used to be very wealthy. (Clark) 4. He was not doubting the logic, he realized suddenly; what he was doubting was himself. (Jones) 5. Still, he must be thankful that she had been too young to do anything in that war itself. (Galsworthy) 6. Simon calmed himself with an effort. (Sheckley) 7. But you might remember that one respects oneself more afterwards – if one pays one’s way. (Galsworthy) 8. Miss Adele Gerry opened the door herself. (Shaw) 9. He sunned himself in Chanton’s admiring gaze. (Priestley) 10. What was the use even of loving, if love itself had to yield to death? (Galsworthy) 11. This is where we wash ourselves, Eliza, and where I am going to wash you. (Shaw) 12. Gevaert cleared his throat and addressed himself to me. (Clark) 13. They blamed themselves for this unlucky marriage. (Hardy) 14. The theatre manager himself came to shake hands with them. (Priestley) 15. I have made myself perfectly pleasant here. (Shaw) 16. Several times he reminded himself that he had not rung up Shuckleworth yet. (Priestley) 17. He could talk races with Hurstwood, tell interesting incidents concerning himself. (Dreiser) 18. I want to be kept in constant touch with his progress myself. (Clark) 19. Anne’s terror of being discovered in London or its neighbourhood, whenever they ventured to walk out, had gradually communicated itself to Mrs. Clements. (Collins) 20. Soames added: «Well, I hope, you’ll both enjoy yourselves». (Galsworthy) 21. Cave might have concealed from others, but not from himself, that he profoundly envied Roger. (Snow)

Exercise 6. Supply some or any.

1. She had ... children of her own family in her house, and ... children of other people. (Dickens) 2. I don’t want ... money. (Hemingway) 3. He sat there, like ... unhappy little animal. (Galsworthy) 4. A few had gone beyond the gate. ... were shouting hoarsely, and waving. (Heym) 5. «Do you want ... water?» - «No, I don’t want ... water». (Maltz) 6. The wounded were coming into the post, ... were carried on stretchers, ... were walking and ... were brought on the backs of men that came across the field. (Hemingway) 7. In the town there were … new hospitals. (Hemingway) 8. Well, if you want to know, I have no money and never had ... . (Shaw) 9. «Couldn’t you find tomato sauce, Barto?» – «There wasn’t ...», Aymo said. (Hemingway) 10. Don’t let us have ... nonsense about this job. (Shaw)

Exercise 7. Supply somebody or anybody, someone or anyone.

1. You are ... now, and don’t let ... forget it. (Priestley) 2. How can ... who has travelled so much be so appallingly juvenile, he wondered? (Murdoch) 3. In a town of a sensible size you had a good chance of meeting ... you were looking for. (Priestley) 4. He was wearing a dinner-jacket, unlike ... at the supper-party. (Snow) 5. «You’ve no business to say such a thing!» she exclaimed. «Why not? ... can see it». (Galsworthy) 6. There was a light tap on the door. And ... came in. (Priestley) 7.Once upon a time Clennam had sat at that table taking no heed of ... but Flora. (Dickens) 8. Here was ... to remember, to think about. (Priestley) 9. «Look here», I said to Hunter at last, «have you shown that picture to ... ?» (Murdoch) 10. There is ... nice, anyway, who likes being out instead of in that stuffy drawing-room, playing bridge and talking, talking. (Galsworthy)

Exercise 8. Supply something or anything.

1. The word Germans was ... to be frightened at. We did not want to have ... to do with the Germans. (Hemingway) 2. But I can’t do ... for him. (Galsworthy) 3. He was a rather small man, but there was ... naturally commanding about him. (Priestley) 4. Everyone said he could turn ... into money. (Saroyan) 5. I do not know what I expected to see, but I did not see ... except the fields and the bare mulberry trees and the rain falling. (Hemingway) 6. ... is wrong somewhere. (Hemingway) 7. She looked at me with violence, with ... like hate. (Snow) 8. The room was far more splendid than ... Little Dorrit had ever imagined, and would have been splendid and costly in someone’s eyes. (Dickens) 9. I can bear ... but that. (Galsworthy) 10. When he read those books ... happened to him. (Galsworthy) 11. It was ... he didn’t want to remember. (Cusack) 12. Even when she talks nonsense in that slightly affected way she seems to be saying … valuable. (Aldington)

Exercise 9. Supply self-pronouns where possible.

1. We enjoyed ... at the dance. 2. She had made ... very unpopular. 3. Why is she sitting all by ... in the dark? 4. Jessica looked at ... in the long mirror. 5. I liked having lodgings of my own, where I could be by … . 6. I closed the door behind ... .7. Every man is important to ... at one time or another. 8. All day the children were beside ... from excitement. 9. The young leaves unfolded to their utmost and the fields generously spread ... on either hand. 10. He was amiability ... . 11. I found ... doing nearly all the talking. 12. I ... married early, and nothing good came of it.

Exercise 10. Use one of the demonstrative pronouns.

1. ... is a cooking apple, ... an eating one. 2. She gave the ... answer as before. 3. My services, ... as they are, are at your disposal. 4. What do you want me to do with ... ? 5. His mental level at the time of his death was ... of a four-year-old child. 6. He dined there only on Sundays, and not every Sunday at ... . 7. Do you see ... bushes on the other side of the river? 8. Well, ...’s exactly what I did. 9. Don’t be in ... a hurry. 10. He continued to frequent the ... cafe as when he had stayed at the hotel. 11. I believe you but there are ... who wouldn’t. 12. … is what I thought last year. 13.... is life. 14. I can’t find all the books you asked me for. I put ... I found on your desk. 15. … is what I want you to do. 16. I have divided the books into two piles. ... are to be kept. ... are to be sold. 17. I have had ... a busy morning. 18. My seat was next to ... of John’s mother. 19. He can’t be more than three or four years older than you, if ... . 20. «One can’t compare Chopin’s waltzes with ... of today», she said.

Exercise 11. Supply some, any or no.

TASKS FOR SELF-CONTROL

MODULE VI

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