Mechanism of Inhalation and Exhalation
Respiration consists of rhythmically repeated inhalations and exhalations. Inhalation takes place as follows: the muscles participating in inhalation contract under the influence of nerve impulses. The diaphragm descends (flattens). Contraction of the external intercostal (межреберный) and certain other muscles elevates the ribs increasing the capacity of the thoracic cavity. Since the pleural cavity contains no air both lungs expand and atmospheric air rushes into the lungs through the air passages. (So, an inhalation involves a contraction of muscles, an increase in the capacity of the thorax, an expansion of the lungs, and entrance of atmospheric air into the lungs through the air passages).
Inhalation is followed by exhalation. The muscles participating in inhalation relax and the diaphragm rises. The ribs drop and the capacity of the thorax decreases. The lungs become compressed, the pressure in them rises and the air rushes out through the air passages.
The respiratory movements are rhythmic. An adult at rest makes 16-20 respiratory movements per minute, children make more movements (a newborn child makes up to 60 movements a minute). Physical exertion and some diseases are usually accompanied by accelerated respiration. Sleep is accompanied by a slowing of respiration.
Задание 3. Прочтите и переведите данные гнезда слов:
1. to respire, respiration, expiration, inspiration, respiratory, inspiratory, aspiratory;
2. to produce, product, production, productive, producing;
3. to inhale, inhalation, to exhale, exhaled, exhaling;
4. to breathe, breath, breathing, breathless, breathlessness;
5. to pass, passage, passage-way.
Задание 4. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами, данными ниже:
1. … drop and the capacity of the thorax decreases.
2. The lungs become compressed and the air … through the air passages.
3. Respiration consists of … repeated inhalations and exhalations.
4. Since the pleural cavity contains no air both lungs … .
5. Inhalation is followed by … .
6. The pressure … in the lung when they become compressed.
7. Inhalation involves a contraction of … .
8. When the lungs expand the atmospheric air … them through the air passages.
9. Contraction of the external intercostal muscles … the ribs increasing the capacity of … .
10. The muscles participating in inhalation … under the influence of … .
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rise, elevates, the thoracic cavity, rushes into, muscles, contract, exhalation, nerve impulses, the ribs, rhythmically, expand, rushes out
Задание 5. Подберите дефиницию для слов из левой колонки:
| 1. inhalation | A. the thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae of each lung. |
| 2. respiration | B. a space occupied or traversed by air. |
| 3. to elevate | C. the flow of air into an organism. In humans it is the movement of air from the external environment, through the airways, and into the alveoli. |
| 4. air passages | D. mental or physical effort |
| 5. exertion | E. to go or move from a higher to a lower place or level |
| 6. exhalation | F. to increase the amount or intensity of smth. |
| 7. pleural cavity | G. inhalation and exhalation of air; breathing |
| 8. to descend | H. the flow of the respiratory current out of the organism. In humans it is the movement of air out of the bronchial tubes, through the airways, to the external environment during breathing. |
Задание 6.Ответьте на вопросы:
1) What does the process of respiration consist of?
2) How is contraction of the muscles participating in inhalation regulated?
3) Why does the capacity of the thoracic cavity increase?
4) What processes does the inhalation involve?
5) What are the average (нормальный, средний) respiratory movements in adults/ children?
6) What processes are usually accompanied by accelerated respiration?
II. Grammar. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice).
Прочтите § 14 Раздела Страдательный залог (The Simple Passive Voice), стр. 290-291.
Passive Voice(страдательный залог) обозначает, что предмет или лицо, являющееся подлежащим, не выполняет действие, а испытывает на себе действие другого предмета.
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| Hebroke hisleg. – Он сломал ногу. | His legwas broken. –У него была сломана нога. |
Страдательный залог образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в соответствующем времени и Participle IIсмыслового глагола.
Спряжение глаголов в Simple Passive Voice
| Present Simple | Past Simple | Future Simple | |
| Утвердительная форма | I am examined | I (he, she, it) was examined | I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will be examined |
| He (she, it) is examined | |||
| We (you, they) are examined | We (you, they) were examined | ||
| Вопросительная форма | Am I examined ? | Was I (he, she, it) examined ? | Will I (he, she, it, we, you, they) be examined |
| Is he (she, it) examined ? | |||
| Are we (you, they) examined ? | Were you (we, they) examined ? | ||
| Отрицательная форма | I am not examined | I (he, she, it) was not examined | I (he, she, it, we, you, they) will not be examined |
| He (she, it) is not examined | |||
| We (you, they) are not examined | We (you, they) were not examined |
Предлоги ‹by› и ‹with› в Passive Voice.
The letter is written by my brother. (by – перед исполнителем действия)
Письмо написано моим братом. (кем?)
The letter is written with a pen. (with – перед инструментом действия)
Письмо написано ручкой. (чем?)
Задание 1.Прочтите и переведите следующие пары предложений:
1. We call three major types of blood vessels arteries, veins and capillaries. – Smaller branches of arteries are called arterioles.
2. The heart pumps the blood into the lung by circulatory system. – From the left heart the blood is pumped into the aorta.
3. Pulmonary artery divides into two branches. – The upper extremity is divided into the shoulder, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand.
4. The right carotid artery distributes blood to all parts of the right side of the neck, face, head and brain. – The blood from the aorta is distributed throughout the body.
Задание 2.Прочтите следующие предложения. Определите время и залог сказуемого. Предложения переведите.
1. These operations are performed by me.
2. Anatomy is taught in practical class.
3. The lecture in Biology is delivered on Monday.
4. They are taught Anatomy.
5. He was told some interesting news.
6. The lecture will be attended by all the students of our group.
7. The heart muscle is nourished by coronary arteries.
8. These textbooks will be distributed among all the students of our group.
Задание 3. Составьте вопросительную и отрицательную форму предложений предыдущего задания.
Задание 4.Передайте следующую информацию в Passive Voice:
1. The students greeted the famous lecturer warmly.
2. We will discuss this report at the next conference.
3. The arm, forearm and hand form the upper extremity.
4. They make a number of experiments in this laboratory.
5. The scientists will conduct a controlled trial.
6. Our professor will deliver the lecture in Physics next Monday.
7. He stole a lot of money from the shop.
8. Bones compose the skeleton.
9. The doctor asked the patient about his age and profession.
10. The students will revise all the rules for the test.
11. She gave us a course of lecture last year.
12. The reporter will demonstrate the advantages of this method.
13. The doctors administer an appropriate treatment to the patients.
14. The students received instructions yesterday.
15. The pelvis connects the lower extremity with the trunk.
16. The doctor will give you some advice.
Задание 5.Переведите следующие предложения:
1. Нам дают книги.
2. Мне часто задают много вопросов.
3. Операции проводятся хирургами.
4. Учебники пишутся для студентов.
5. Ее часто видят в библиотеке.
6. Курсовые собрания проводятся в конце семестра.