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Speech Тherapy
Speech therapy (also called Speech & Language Therapy or Speech & Language Pathology) is the rehabilitative or corrective treatment of physical and/or cognitive deficits/disorders resulting in difficulty with communication and/or swallowing.
Communication includes speech (articulation, intonation, rate, intensity), language (including reading and writing) and the non-verbal such as facial expression and gesture. Swallowing problems managed under Speech Therapy are problems in the oral and/or pharyngeal stages of swallowing. Depending on the nature and severity of the disorder, common treatments may range from physical strengthening exercises, instructive or repetitive practice and drilling, to the use of audio-visual aids and introduction of strategies to facilitate 'functional' communication.
Speech therapists are also trained to assess, treat and manage swallowing difficulties. Speech Therapists, Speech and Language Therapists (SLTs), or Speech-Language Pathologists (SLPs) are allied health professionals. Health Services employ most SLTs. Other therapists work for education services or charities. Some therapists work independently and treat patients privately. Speech Therapists hold certificates to practice following a degree course and clinical training.
Speech and language therapists work with:
1) babies with feeding and swallowing difficulties;
2) children with mild, moderate or severe: learning difficulties, physical disabilities, language delay, specific difficulties in producing sounds, hearing impairment, stammering, autism/social interaction difficulties, dyslexia voice disorders;
3) adults with eating and swallowing and/or communication problems following: stroke, head injury (Traumatic brain injury), Parkinson’s disease, motor neuron disease, dementia, cancer of the head, neck and throat, voice problems, mental health issues, learning difficulties, physical disabilities, stammering (dysfluency), hearing impairment, etc.
Types of speech disorders.
A speech defect may be defined as any acoustic variation from an accepted speech standard.
Speech defects are the most prevalent of all the handicaps of childhood. These defects are most numerous in the primary grades and decrease steadily in the senior grades. Boys have speech defects much more frequently than girls.
Speech defects include:
1) functional articulatory defects;
2) stuttering;
3)voice defects;
4) cleft palate speech;
5) cerebral palsy speech;
6) retarded speech development;
7) speech defects due to impaired hearing.
Articulatory efects include:
1) the omission of sounds;
2) the substitution of one sound for another;
3) the distortion of sounds;
4) general indistinctness.
Articulatory defects present one of the most important problems of the speech correction programme, for most speech defects are of articulatory type. About three fourth of the speech defects are of articulatory type. About three fourth of the speech defects in a school population are articulatory. But many parents do not feel that articulatory defects are serious. Some parents have become so accustomed to their children’s articulatory errors that they do not even hear them. Other parents think that their children will outgrow their articulatory difficulties.
Most children who make articulatory errors make more than one and usually are not consistent in their errors. Thеу maу make a sound correctly in one word and incorrectly in another. Or they may even substitute a sound that they do not ordinarily make correctly in one word for another sound. For example, they may say “thun” for “sun”.
This category includes many terms. Perhaps the one which parents use more frequently is “bаbу talk”. When the child omits substitutes or distorts his speech sounds as does a younger child, this term is applicable. In fact, some writers now include articulatory defects under the term “delayed speech” or “retarded speech development”. They indicate that the child reaches a certain level of development but does not progress beyond that certain point.
Other terms commonly included in this category are lisping and lalling. Lisping refers to аny defect of any or all of the four sibilant sounds: s, sh, z, zh. Lalling means difficulty with the “1” and “r” sounds.
Speech and language therapists work in community health centres, hospital wards and outpatient departments, and special schools, day centres and in their clients' homes. Some now work in courtrooms, prisons and young offenders' institutions. SLTs/SLPs work closely with others involved with the client, for example difficulties with eating and drinking may also involve an occupational therapist. Speech and language therapists also work closely with parents and other professionals, such as teachers, nurses, dietitians, physiotherapists and doctors.
Speech correction or improvement or therapy are terms used to define the specific instruction which should be provided for the deaf and h.o.h. who have developed basic speech and language patterns but have not perfected the best speech they are capable of producing.
The speech therapist tries to locate the error within the word in: 1) initial, 2) medial or 3) final (terminal) positions.
Tiger kitten net
He must find the error in terms of substitution, omission, distortion.
The рroblem of enunciation involves the good usage of sounds that go to make up words and continue to keep their ringing qualities. The vowels must be full and clear.
Sentences should be made up largely of visible articulatory movements. Sentences should be of moderate length.
The speech correctionist must have a knowledge and understanding of classroom teaching methods and correlate it with the total рrogramme.
It is well known that children vary in their manner of learning. One child lеаrns more еasily through auditory stimulation, while another mау respond better to visual and still another to kinesthetic stimulation.
Children learn to correct speech errors through anyone or combination of these types of learning.
Some children, particularly the deaf and the hard of hearing need to watch the mоvеments involved in the production ofa sound and at the same time get the “feel” of it, the vibration, and pressure felt bythe hand when it is placed upon the jaw, the throat, or thelips of the teacher.
The kinesthetic methods of speech correction are used bу sоmе teachers for all kinds of articulatory disorders.
The basic principle of the “moto-kinesthetic” method is the use of pressure, striking, touching and manual manipulation of speech organs.
The “moto-kinesthetic” method involves such technique by which оne learns to guide the muscles of the speech apparatus into accurate movements for the production of correct sound. Each sound has its own characteristic movements which the teacher shows through the manipulation of the pupil’s speech mechanism.
A significant number of the school population should have speech correction services. Each speech correctionist devises his own procedure for giving articulatory examination.
12. Переведите, ответьте на вопросы и передайте краткое содержание текста, используя схему после текста.
Moscow State University
Moscow State University is the largest university in Russia. It is known as Lomonosov University or MSU. It was founded in 1755 and it is the oldest university in Russia. It has the tallest educational building in the world. The university has 4.000 teaching staff, 36.000 students and 7.000 postgraduates. Its current rector is Viktor Sadovnichiy. Since 1940 MSU has had the name in honour of its founder Mikhail Lomonosov.
The university has well-established contacts with the most distinguished universities in the world, exchange students and lecturers from the leading universities overseas. There are about 2.000 foreign students studying at MSU.
In the 18th century MSU had 3 faculties: Philosophy, Medicine, and Law. Today, the Old Building house is the department of Oriental studies and the Journalism Faculty. Now the university has 39 faculties and 15 research centers. A number of small faculties have been opened recently, such as the Faculty of Physics and Chemistry and Higher School of Television. Evening classes are conducted by the Faculties of Economics, History, Journalism, Philology, Psychology and Sociology.
The university includes a number of faculty buildings located in the centre of Moscow and a number of campuses abroad.
MSU is regarded as one of Russia's most prestigious universities and has high entry requirements for its prospective students.
Moscow State University was placed 17th in the world's top universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2009, and had a position No. 155 according to the 2010 Times Higher Education report.
MSU has educated a number of Nobel laureates, writers, philosophers and politicians. The university is alma mater of Anton Chekhov, Ivan Turgenev, Boris Demidovich, Vladimir Arnold and Andrey Kolmogorov.
Ответьте на вопросы:
1. When was MSU founded?
2. Mikhail Lomonosov was the founder of MSU, wasn’t he?
3. Are there any exchange students from different countries in MSU?
4. How many faculties were there at the very beginning at MSU?
5. What famous graduates of MSU do you know?
6. Moscow State University has high entry requirements for its prospective students, hasn’t it?
7. What interesting information about MSU have you learnt from the text?
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