The internal combustion engine

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high - pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described.

The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such as steam engines , in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products.

A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-dense fuel . While there have been and still are many stationary applications, the real strength of internal combustion engines is in mobile applications and they dominate as a power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

Задание № 5. Прочитайте последний абзац текста и вопрос к нему. Их приведенных вариантов укажите номер предложения, содержащего правильный ответ на поставленный вопрос.

Where do internal combustion engines dominate as a power supply?

1. for cars, aircraft, and boats

2. for gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines

3. for ships and boats

Контрольная работа №3

Вариант 1

Задание 1. Перепишите следующие предложения, подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видо-временную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Electric cars will be widely used in future.

2. In the gasoline engine the fuel is burnt almost instantaneously.

3. A new car design has been developed at the automobile plant.

4. The new traffic lights were being put up at the crossroads.

Задание 2. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one.

1. The word “transport” means to carry people or goods from place to place. It is also used for the vehicles that carry people or goods.

2. George Stephenson demonstrated a vehicle that could run eighteen kilometers an hour.

3. I don’t want a big car, I want a small one.

Задание 3. Перепишите предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to be, to have, to do.

1. We had to change the design of this car.

2. The new materials recommended for bridge construction were described in the article written by our professor.

3. It did not take them long to build a new freeway.

4. Electric engines have the highest efficiency.

Задание 4. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1. The highway our engineers have designed will connect several towns.

2. In 1847 Werner von Siemens publicly said he would build an electric-powered car.

Задание 5.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.

1. The automobile has long ceased to be a matter of luxury or sport.

2. This method is not good enough to be used everywhere.

3. The roads made it possible to use wheeled transport.

4. Our task is to become good specialists in the field of road construction.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

Ferdinand Porsche

Prof. Dr. Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an Austro-Hungarian automotive engineer. He is best known for creating the first Hybrid vehicle (gasoline-electric), Volkswagen (Beetle), Mercedes-Benz , as well as the first of many Porsche automobiles. Porsche was awarded in 1937 the German National Prize for Art and Science.

Ferdinand Porsche was born to German-speaking parents in Maffersdorf in Germany near Liberec. He showed high aptitude for mechanical work at a very young age. Beyond auditing classes at the local university, Porsche never received any higher engineering education.

In 1898, Porsche joined the Vienna-based factory of Jakob Lohner & Co, that produced coaches for the Emperor as well as for the kings of England, Sweden, and Romania. Their first design in 1898 was the "System Lohner-Porsche", a carriage-like car driven by two electric motors.

In 1901 Porsche introduced the 'Mixte' vehicle/transmission concept: instead of a massive battery-pack, an internal combustion engine built by the German firm, Daimler, was fitted to a generator. In this way Porsche had created the first vehicle. In 1906, Austro-Daimler recruited Porsche as their chief designer. Porsche's best known Austro-Daimler car was designed for the Prince Henry Trial in 1910.

Porsche had advanced to Managing Director by 1916 and received the honorary doctorate degree. In 1923, Porsche left Austro-Daimler. Only a few months later Porsche received a new job as Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft's Technical Director in Stuttgart, Germany. In 1926, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and Benz & Cie merged into Mercedes-Benz.

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте ответ на следующий вопрос.

When was Porsche’s best known Austro-Daimler car designed

Вариант 2

19. The radar has been used for automatic control of ground transport.

20. The first Volkswagen cars were made in Germany before the Second World War.

21. The experiments will be completed by the end of the week.

22.Today plastics are being applied for car bodies.

13. Specialists consider that in future city transport will reject gasoline.

14. One of the mankind’s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, no transportation or communication.

15.We are not going to build short roads, we’ll build long ones.

14. An object at rest has no kinetic energy.

15. When the vehicle appeared in the street, it was to be stopped and escorted to the police station.

16. What does the result of the experiment depend on?

17.The experiment has been carried out successfully, and the results will soon be published.

14. It’s my driving test soon. I know I will pass it.

15.She told me a story I found hard to believe.

14. One of earlier attempts to propel a vehicle by mechanical power was made by Isaac Newton.

15. The road surface to be repaired was destroyed some years ago by heavy vehicles.

16. It became possible to travel rather comfortably by car.

17. We decided to fulfill the plan ahead of time.

D. Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

Вариант 3

1. The rate of corrosion is influenced by temperature.

2. The law of conservation of matter had been discovered by Lomonosov many years before Lavoisier.

3. Both the driver and the passenger have been injured in the car accident.

4. Many cars are being supplied with air bags and other safety equipment.

1. This order is more important for our enterprise than that sent last week.

2. The steam engine appeared in 1763. It was followed by several improved steam road carriages.

3. The fare in the London Underground depends on the distance but the lowest one is 50 pence.

1. At present most of the industrial enterprises have their own electric power stations.

2. James Henry Greathead developed the method which was to make tunneling in the London Underground possible.

3. Don’t stand there –do something!

4. The part of a mechanism which causes the motion is called the driver.

1. They heard the construction of the new highway would take three months.

2. The engineer you were talking about has just left the office.

1. Karl Benz employed his own Otto-type engine to power a three-wheel carriage in1885.

2. Montage was the first person to be fined by the police for speeding.

3. Sometimes it is very difficult to solve the problem of repairing roads.

4. The drilling machine is especially valuable where broad surfaces are to be machined.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

Henry Ford

Henry Ford (July 30, 1863 – April 7, 1947) was the American founder of the Ford Motor Company and father of modern assembly lines used in mass production. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry. As owner of the Ford Motor Company he became one of the richest and best-known people in the world.

Henry Ford was born in July 1863, on a farm in Greenfield Township. Ford’s mother died in 1876. In 1879, he left home to work as an apprentice machinist in the city of Detroit. In 1882, he returned to Dearborn to work on the family farm. He was later hired by Westinghouse company to service their steam engines. In 1891, Ford became an engineer with the Edison Illuminating Company, and after his promotion to Chief Engineer in 1893, he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on gasoline engines. These experiments culminated in 1896 with the completion of his own self-propelled vehicle named the Ford Quadricycle, which he test-drove on June 4.

He founded the Detroit Automobile Company on August 5, 1899. However, the automobiles produced were of a lower quality and higher price than Ford expected. Ultimately, the company was not successful and was dissolved in January 1901.

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте ответ на следующий вопрос.

What did these experiments culminate in?

Вариант 4

1. It has been estimated that the costs of high-speed ground transport will be recouped three times faster than with the railways.

2. If we employ this device, the best results will be obtained.

3. The first self-propelled vehicle was constructed in 1763.

4. The problem of ensuring traffic safety on this freeway is being settled now.

1. The work of this conference is more interesting than that of the previous one.

2. In some countries cadastre may be the responsibility of local governments, in others it is a state or national responsibility.

3. It has been proved that light needs time to travel any distance.

1. The vehicle had to stop every 100 yards to make more steam.

2. Each of the drivers was sure that he was on his side of the road.

3. What is he doing? He is describing the results of the experiment.

4. They did their best to achieve safety on the roads.

1. I heard he had been sent to work in the Far East.

2. Where are the drawings I prepared yesterday?

1. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter.

2. He used his influence to make them repair his car.

3. It was necessary to build new roads.

4. Every generation has to leave something worthwhile on the earth.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

Gottlieb Daimler

Gottlieb Daimler (March 17, 1834 – March 6, 1900) was an engineer, industrial designer and industrialist. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development. He invented the first high-speed petrol engine and the first four-wheel automobile. He was a pioneer of internal-combustion engines and automobile development. He invented the first high-speed petrol engine and the first four-wheel automobile.

By the age of thirteen (1847), he had completed his six years of primary studies in Lateinschule where he showed an interest in engineering. In 1852 he finally decided to take up mechanical engineering, and left his hometown.

Daimler and his lifelong business partner Wilhelm Maybach were two inventors whose dream was to create small, high speed engines to be mounted in any kind of locomotion device. They designed a precursor of the modern petrol engine which they subsequently fitted to a two-wheeler, considered the first motorcycle.

In 1872 Gottlieb Daimler and Wilheim Maybach moved to work at the world's largest manufacturer of stationary engines of the time, the Deutz-AG-Gasmotorenfabrik in Cologne. As directors, both Daimler and Otto focused on gas-engine development while Maybach was chief designer. In late 1885, Daimler and Maybach developed the first of their petrol engines.

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте ответ на следующий вопрос.

What did Daimler and Maybach design?

Вариант 5

1. If the rotor is heated on one side, the cold side of the rotor turns towards the magnet.

2. Some energy which was produced in the engine was lost when steam was being conducted through the pipes of the cylinder.

3. Horse-driven buses had been replaced by new motor buses in 1913.

4. In future buses, trolley-buses and cars will be forced out by moving pavements.

1. The four - stroke petrol internal combustion engine that constitutes the most prevalent form of modern automotive propulsion is the creation of the German inventor Nickolas Otto.

2. The role and importance of an automobile arises from the fact that it can move along roads unprovided with rails.

3. I haven’t got a dictionary. Can you lend me one?

1. The new highway is to be 100 km long.

2. He has no experience in the field of highway construction.

3. Transport is a serious problem for all large cities of the world.

4. We may travel the whole day by the subway for the same fare if we only change trains but do not go out of the station.

1. The company he works for is based in Germany.

2. The expert said the road needed repairs.

Задание 5.Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский

язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива в предложении.

1. The advantages of high-speed ground transport to be used in future are obvious.

2. A system of roads was to be constructed to carry goods over long distances.

3. There were two problems to be solved-first, how to construct good roads and, second, to decide who was to pay for them.

4. Rockets are also used to forecast the weather and to change it.

Задание 6. Прочитайте, перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующий текст.

Wilhelm Maybach

Wilhelm Maybach was an early German engine designer and industrialist. Wilhelm Maybach was born in Heilbronn in 1846, the son of a carpenter and his wife, Luise, from the town of Heilbronn. He had four brothers. At fifteen (1861), Maybach took extra classes in physics and mathematics at Reutlingen's public high-school. By the time he was nineteen years old, he was a qualified designer, working on stationary engines.

In 1869, Maybach followed Daimler to Karlsruhe, a manufacturer of heavy locomotives. Daimler was on the Executive Committee but they spent long nights discussing new designs for engines, pumps, lumber machinery, and metalworking. In 1872, Daimler moved to Cologne, where the world's best gas engines were manufactured. Nikolaus Otto, its half owner, and Daimler together focused on engine development with Maybach joining them, as Chief Designer. By the end of 1885, Maybach and Daimler had developed the first of their engines which is regarded a precursor of all modern petrol engines.

In 1885, they also created the first carburetor. In November 1885, Daimler installed a smaller version of his engine into a wooden bicycle, creating the first motorcycle.

From the late 19th century Wilhelm Maybach, together with Gottlieb Daimler, developed light, high-speed internal combustion engines suitable for land, water and air use.

Задание 7. Найдите в тексте ответ на следующий вопрос.

What had Maybach and Daimler developed by the end of 1885?

Рекомендуемая литература

Основная

1. Soars J. New Headway Pre-Intermediate: Student's Book / J. Soars, L. Soars. - 4-ed. - Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2012. – 159 c.

Дополнительная

2. Шевцова Г.В. Английский язык для технических вузов : учеб. пособие по техническим специальностям / Г. В. Шевцова, Л. Е. Москалец. - М.: Флинта; Наука, 2013 - 392 с.

3. Хоменко С. А. Английский язык для студентов технических вузов. Основной курс [Электронный ресурс]: учеб. пос. / С.А. Хоменко и др.; под общ. ред. С.А. Хоменко, В.Ф. Скалабан. - 3-е изд., перер. - Минск: Выш. шк., 2009. - 368 с. http://znanium.com/bookread2.php?book=505819