Write 5 questions about the text.

Билет8.Describe the qualification Required for Accountancy.The accountant job descriptions of some companies may ask for accounting degree or diploma or commerce background. But some companies give priority to experienced personnel. But if you have both then your chances of getting hired by a good company are maximum. There are different types of accounting careers such as, public accounting, management accounting, government accounting, and auditor accounting etc. Each of the type requires different set of skills. So you must have the relevant qualifications. Apart from this, accounting is also industry specific, such as baking, investment, marketing, etc. so you must have the industry specific qualification, skills, and experience. But some of the common accounting job skills included in all the accountant job descriptions are given below.An eye for details.Accuracy and perfection.Planning and prioritizing, and organizing skills.Knowledge of economics and accounting process.Networking and communication skills.Knowledge of relevant financial policies, laws, rules and regulations.Knowledge of relevant accounting software.Problem solving skills.Ability to handle pressures.Neat and tidy work practices.The above qualities are necessary to become a good and successful accountant.

2.During the audit, the auditor is required to understand the accounting system, which is used on the scanned their economic actors, and in this case to examine and evaluate the means of control, based on which he is going to define the essence, scope and time required prospective audit procedures. Auditor during the audit is obliged to obtain reasonable assurance that the accounting system is fairly verifiable economic activity of the economic entity. Features of the internal control system can contribute to the formation of such a conviction.The study and evaluation of the features of the accounting system, the study and evaluation of internal control systems should be required to audit organizations documented during the audit.Serious deficiencies of the accounting system and internal control systems identified in the course of the audit, as well as recommendations to address them should be reflected in the written information (report) management auditor checked economic subject.Management of the economic entity responsible for the development and actual implementation of the internal control system. It determines that the internal control system meets the size and the specific activity of the economic entity, functioning regularly and effectively.

3.1) What is a key element of the economic system?

2) What is the use account?

3) How many steps can be divided into consideration?

4) Where are the assets and liabilities, profits and losses?

5) What is the main type of financial statements?

Билет9.What role does an accounting system play in an economy?An information system is a formal process for collecting data, processing the data into information, and distributing that information to users. The purpose of an accounting information system (AIS) is to collect, store, and process financial and accounting data and produce informational reports that managers or other interested parties can use to make business decisions. Although an AIS can be a manual system, today most accounting information systems are computer-based.An accounting information system typically has six basic parts:People who use the system, including accountants, managers, and business analysts.Procedure and instructions are the ways that data are collected, stored, retrieved, and processed.Data including all the information that goes into an AIS.Software consists of computer programs used for processing data.Information technology infrastructure includes all the hardware used to operate the AISInternal controls are the security measures used to protect data.The System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) contains the internationally agreed standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for producing internationally comparable statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy. The SEEA framework follows a similar accounting structure as the System of National Accounts(SNA) and uses concepts, definitions and classifications consistent with the SNA in order to facilitate the integration of environmental and economic statistics.

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Билет10.What is the most widely practised principle of book-keeping?Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) are the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction; generally known as accounting standards or standard accounting practice. These include the standards, conventions, and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements. Many businesses choose to "opt out" of GAAP practices as they operate on a cash basis, as opposed to an accrual basis. A comparison would be the way that most people balance their checkbooks: when a check is written, its amount is deducted from the total balance even though the funds have not yet left the account. Financial decisions made after the check is written are based on the balance after the check is deducted.Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) are a common set of accounting principles, standards and procedures that companies use to compile their financial statements. GAAP are a combination of authoritative standards (set by policy boards) and simply the commonly accepted ways of recording and reporting accounting information.
2.Still others audit clients’ financial statements and report to investors and authorities that the statements have been correctly prepared and reported.

3. Write in a few words what the text is about.This text about is assets of the company. They are the resources of the company that have been acquired through transactions, and have future economic value that can be measured and expressed in dollars. Usually asset accounts will have debit balances. Examples of asset accounts that are reported on a company's balance sheet include: Cash Petty Cash Temporary Investments Accounts Receivable Inventory Supplies Prepaid Insurance Land Land Improvements Buildings Equipment Goodwill Bond Issue Costs Etc.

Билет11.In a free-market environment, accounting provides sort of a vehicle for transmitting information about the performance of enterprises to those with the basic functions of accounting in a market economy as measuring economic activity of an enterprise and it is profit, showing changes in its financial position and ensuring that a fair report of the economic status.

2 An auditor may be engaged to provide a vanity of services to a company, each of which may have its our associated duties, night and liabilities. However she core activity of an auditor is the production of an auditor is report on a company annual accounts and reports.

3 This text is about types of sheet which use for accountant transactions. Mostly this text is about balance sheet, about structure of balance sheet and its types

12.Who uses financial information?Accounting information helps users to make better financial decisions. Users of financial information may be both internal and external to the organization.Internal users (Primary Users) of accounting information include the following:Management: for analyzing the organization's performance and position and taking appropriate measures to improve the company results.Employees: for assessing company's profitability and its consequence on their future remuneration and job security.Owners: for analyzing the viability and profitability of their investment and determining any future course of action.Accounting information is presented to internal users usually in the form of management accounts, budgets, forecasts and financial statements.External users (Secondary Users) of accounting information include the following:Creditors: for determining the credit worthiness of the organization. Terms of credit are set by creditors according to the assessment of their customers' financial health. Creditors include suppliers as well as lenders of finance such as banks.Tax Authourities: for determining the credibility of the tax returns filed on behalf of the company.Investors: for analyzing the feasibility of investing in the company. Investors want to make sure they can earn a reasonable return on their investment before they commit any financial resources to the company.Customers: for assessing the financial position of its suppliers which is necessary for them to maintain a stable source of supply in the long term.

2.An audit is the examination of the financial report of an organisation - as presented in the annual report - by someone independent of that organisation. The financial report includes a balance sheet, an income statement, a statement of changes in equity, a cash flow statement, and notes comprising a summary of significant accounting policies and other explanatory notes.

The purpose of an audit is to form a view on whether the information presented in the financial report, taken as a whole, reflects the financial position of the organisation at a given date.External audit is booked on a contractual basis by independent auditor firms or individual auditors for the purpose of objective assessment of reliability of accounting and financial statements of economic entity. External audit is regulated by the relevant legislation (The law "About Auditor Activity", edited (standards) of auditor activity, etc.).Internal audit represents independent activity in the organization for check and assessment of her work for the benefit of heads. Internal audit is an integral part of administrative control of the organization. His purpose — the solution of separate functional problems of management, development and check of information systems of the organization, and also consultation and the help of the organization to employees in effective implementation of the functions. Internal audit is booked by the experts working directly in this organization. Internal audit is regulated by internal documents. In the small organizations can not be regular auditors. In this case carrying out internal audit can be charged to audit commission or auditor firm on a contract basis.

3. Write in a few words what the text is about.This text about is Liability accounts of the company. Liability accounts will normally have credit balances. Examples of liability accounts reported on a company's balance sheet include: Notes Payable, Accounts Payable, Salaries Payable, Wages Payable, Interest Payable, Other Accrued Expenses Payable, Income Taxes Payable, Customer Deposits, Warranty Liability, Lawsuits Payable, Unearned Revenues, Bonds Payable, Etc. Contra liabilities are liability accounts with debit balances. Its include: Discount on Notes Payable, Discount on Bonds Payable.

Билет 13.Public accounting can be viewed as firms of accountants that serve clients such as businesses (retailers, manufacturers, service companies, etc.), individuals, nonprofits and governments. The services provided by public accounting firms will vary by the size and the expertise of the firm. Here are some of the public accounting services:
preparation, review, and auditing of the clients' financial statements
tax work including the preparation of income tax returns, and estate and tax planning
consulting and advice involving accounting systems, mergers and acquisitions, and much more
The people employed in public accounting are often certified public accountants or CPAs. Many accountants leave the larger public accounting firms after several years of experience and become an employee of a single business. In their new position they will be referred to as a private accountant, corporate accountant or internal accountant.
Public accounting firms range in size from tens of thousands of small local firms to a few huge international firms employing hundreds of thousands of CPAs throughout the world.The positions in public accounting often consist of staff, senior, manager and partner.

2.Management. The new standard lists several items you should ask about that relate to management’s awareness and understanding of fraud, fraud risks and the steps taken to mitigate risks. Several of these inquiries were not required under previous standards. Some inquiries are relatively straightforward, but others may require you to “educate” management about the characteristics of fraud, the nature of fraud risks and the types of programs and controls that will deter and detect fraud. The guidance contained in SAS no. 99 provides you with the background necessary to discuss these matters.

Others. The SAS requires you to make inquiries of the audit committee (even if it is not active), internal audit personnel (if applicable) and others about the existence or suspicion of fraud and to inquire as to each individual’s views about the risks of fraud. “Others” can include those employees who are outside the financial reporting process.

For the most part, auditors tend to restrict their client inquiries to personnel directly involved in the financial-reporting process. This approach is appropriate for matters of which accounting personnel have direct knowledge—for example, how transactions are processed or controlled. However, it is less effective to ask accounting personnel about matters of which they do not have first-hand knowledge (for example, the procedures used to examine, count and receive items into inventory). Critics of the audit process frequently cite the auditor’s reluctance to make inquiries outside of the accounting department as a reason for the lack of the in-depth understanding necessary to plan and perform an effective and efficient audit. SAS no. 99 is the first standard that requires auditors to make inquiries of “others within the entity,” such as

Operating personnel not directly involved in the financial-reporting process.

Билет14.Describe the income statement.The income statement is a simple and straightforward report on a business' cash-generating ability. It's a scorecard on the financial performance of your business that reflects when sales are made and expenses are incurred. It draws information from the various financial models such as revenue, expenses, capital (in the form of depreciation) and cost of goods.By combining these elements, the income statement illustrates just how much your company makes or loses during the year by subtracting cost of goods and expenses from revenue to arrive at a net result, which is either a profit or a loss. It differs from a cash flow statement because the income statement doesn't show when revenue is collected or when expenses are paid. It does, however, show the projected profitability of the business over the time frame covered by the plan. For a business plan, the income statement should be generated on a monthly basis during the first year, quarterly for the second and annually for the third.Your income statement lists your financial projections in the following manner:Income includes all the income generated by the business.Cost of goods includes all the costs related to the sale of products in inventory.Gross profit margin is the difference between revenue and cost of goods. Gross profit margin can be expressed in dollars, as a percentage, or both.As a percentage, the GP margin is always stated as a percentage of revenue.Operating expenses include all overhead and labor expenses associated with the operations of the business.For service businesses, inventory includes supplies or spare parts--nothing for manufacture or resale. Retailers and wholesalers, on the other hand, account for their resale inventory under cost of goods sold, also known as cost of sales. This refers to the total price paid for the products sold during the income statement's accounting period. Freight and delivery charges are customarily included in this figure. In the income statement for manufacturers, cost of goods manufactured is added to the finished goods inventory at the beginning of the inventory, resulting in total cost of goods available for sale. The finished goods inventory present at the end of the reporting period is subtracted from this amount to produce the cost of goods sold.When comparing several income statements over time, you can chart trends in your operating performance. This helps you chart future goals and strategies for sales, inventory, and operating overhead.

2.Profit and Loss Statement describes the results of operations during the reporting period and shows how she got the profits and losses (by matching income and expenses).
Profit and loss account, together with the balance sheet is an important source of information for the comprehensive analysis of the profit.
The information provided in the report, to evaluate changes in income and expenses of the organization during the reporting period compared to the previous, to analyze the composition, structure and dynamics of the gross profit, sales profit, net profit, as well as to identify the factors of the final financial result. Summarizing the results of the analysis, it is possible to identify untapped opportunities to increase profit organization, improve its profitability.
The information provided in the statement of profit and loss, allowing all interested users to conclude how effective the activities of the organization and how justified and profitable investments in its assets.

3.Write in a few words what the text is about.This text about is The income statement. the income statement illustrates just how much your company makes or loses during the year by subtracting cost of goods and expenses from revenue to arrive at a net result, which is either a profit or a loss. For a business plan, the income statement should be generated on a monthly basis during the first year, quarterly for the second and annually for the third.It's a scorecard on the financial performance of your business that reflects when sales are made and expenses are incurred.

Билет15.Describe the сashflow statement.A cash flow statement is one of a business' main financial statements, along with the balance sheet and income statement. It focuses on the sources and uses of cash through operating, investing and financing activities. Activities that result in the receipt of cash are cash inflows, and activities that result from the spending of cash are cash outflows.A cash flow statement is divided into three sections:Cash flow from operating activities - cash inflows and outflows resulting from day-to-day business operations, including the collection of cash from sales and payment of expenses.

Cash flow from investing activities - result from the purchase or sale of the business's non-current assets, that is, assets owned for longer than 12 months.Cash flow from financing activities - any financing activity that changes the size and composition of the business' long-term financing structure. This includes repayments of the principal on the business mortgage or capital contributions the business owner has made to the business.

2.Audit Report
Definition:An audit report is a written opinion of an auditor regarding an entity's financial statements. The report is written in a standard format, as mandated by generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS). GAAS requires or allows certain variations in the report, depending upon the circumstances of the audit work that the auditor engaged in. The following report variations may be used:
A clean opinion, if the financial statements are a fair representation of an entity's financial position.
A qualified opinion , if there were any scope limitations that were imposed upon the auditor's work.
An adverse opinion, if the financial statements were materially misstated.
A disclaimer of opinion, which can be triggered by several situations. For example, the auditor may not be independent, or there is a going concern issue with the auditee.
The typical audit report contains three paragraphs, which cover the following topics:
The responsibilities of the auditor and the management of the entity.
The scope of the audit.
The auditor's opinion of the entity's financial statements.
An audit report is issued to a user of an entity's financial statements. The user may rely upon the report as evidence that a knowledgeable third party has investigated and rendered an opinion on the financial statements. An audit report that contains a clean opinion is required by many lenders before they will loan funds to a business. It is also necessary for a publicly-held entity to attach the relevant audit report to its financial statements before filing them with the Securities and Exchange Commission.

3.Write in a few words what the text is about.This text about is financial projections of the income statement. They include: Income, Cost of goods, Gross profit margin, Operating expenses, Total expenses, Net profit, Depreciation, Earnings before interest and taxes, Interest, taxes and Net profit after taxes, which shows the real bottom line of the company. These indicators determine the state of the company.

Билет16.Describe the statement of changes in equity.A statement of changes in equity can be created for sole proprietorships, partnerships or corporations. Sole proprietorships and partnerships follow a similar format for their statements of changes in equity, while the corporation format is slightly different. The purpose of the statement is to summarize the activity in the equity accounts for the period.

Investments and withdrawals may be made at any point during the period by the owner of the company. Investments increase the owner’s equity and withdrawals decrease the owner’s equity.

The business owner should have the income or loss amount from the income statement. This amount would be included on the statement. A profit increases the owner’s equity. A loss decreases the owner’s equity.

2.Audit is an examination of the records and reports of an enterprise by accounting specialists other than those responsible for their preparation. Public auditing by independent accountants has acquired professional status and become increasingly common with the rise of large business units and the separation of ownership from control. The public accountant performs tests to determine whether the management's statements were prepared in accordance with acceptable accounting principles and fairly present the firm's financial position and operating results. Such independent evaluations of management reports are of interest to actual and prospective shareholders, bankers, suppliers, lessors, and government agencies. Generally speaking, auditing has two functions: to reveal undesirable practices and, as far as possible, to prevent their recurring in the future. A relatively new type of auditing is internal auditing. It is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of a business's accounting system. Perhaps the most familiar type of auditing is the administrative audit, or pre-audit, in which individual vouchers, invoices or other documents are investigated for accuracy and proper authorization before they are paid or entered in the books.

3.Write in a few words what the text is about.This text about is cost of goods manufactured. Although manufacturers account for cost of goods sold in the same manner as merchandisers by reporting beginning and ending inventories, because they track inventory through three phases: 1. Raw material, 2. Work-in-progress, 3.Finished products. To account for all these costs, manufacturers usually report them on a separate statement called the "cost of goods manufactured." This statement is formed by first listing the work-in-progress inventory at the beginning of the accounting period. Subtract the raw material inventory present at the end of the reporting period from the cost of material available for use to determine the cost of materials used. Add the work-in-progress beginning inventory present at the end of the accounting period.

Билет17.What is the role of accountancy in a free-market economy? There is an opinion that managerial accounting arose owing to shortcomings of traditional accounts department as accounting data in the form of accounting records can't be suitable for enterprise management as they chronically become outdated and are deprived of efficiency.Traditional accounting doesn't give information for the forecast of economic activity and acceptance of timely management decisions.Internal managerial accounting began to be applied to overcoming these shortcomings of the countries with the developed market economy.Data of managerial accounting provide administration with information necessary for management of the organization, planning and control of productive activity.

2.Performing an audit. Audit essence - process of collection of information. To obtain useful information, the auditor shall analyse critically adequacy and efficiency of actions for quality management. The auditor shall determine and expect also consequences of weakness of these actions and influence of discrepancy on these actions.

Audit, certainly, can be completely effective only if it is carried out by personnel which understand not only as to carry out it, but also how to achieve the best results. They can be reached by comprehensive and systematic approach to audit, applying tactics of conducting audit conducting to an open and friendly discussion on a subject of discussion.

All this can seem simple and obvious, however, in case of failure to carry out of these conditions, in other words, in case of badly booked audit it is possible not only not to achieve desirable result, but also, to exert adverse impact on the relations in the organization.

There are several methods of collection of information during audit:

• Holding interview

• Nonverbal language

• Language of gestures

• Analysis of documentation

• Observation

3.Say in a few words what the text is about.

Accountants who specialize in this type of accounting are also known as private, industrial or corporate accountants. Management accountants provide their services to business houses for recording and studying the company’s financial data. The accountants who perform these audits have specializations in compliance auditing, information technology auditing or environmental auditing

Билет18.What accounting system is most widely practised in the world
The accounting system in any given country is one of the key elements of the economic system. It is determined to a significant extent by the level and direction of the economic system’s development.
The most important theoretical concept of the Anglo- American accounting may be summed up as follows: the subject of accounting is the calculation of the financial results of an economic entity’s business activity.
Accounting is used to describe the transactions entered into by all kinds of organizations.
Accounting can be divided into three phases: capture, processing and communication of financial information.

2..Explain the importance of internal auditing.
. Accounting standards are the rules for preparing financial statements. They are called Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and they specify: first, the type of information that financial statements ought to contain; and second, how that information ought to be prepared. Accounting standards define what acceptable and unacceptable financial accounting practices are.
Auditing standards are the rules governing how an audit is performed. An audit of financial statements is the technical process by which an independent person (the auditor) gathers evidence to form an opinion of a particular group of accountants is legally sanctioned to conduct financial statement audits. In the US, for example, it is the certified public accountants (CPA). In the United Kingdom it is the chartered accountants, in the Netherlands, the register accountant etc Financial statements conforming to GAAP are said to be reliable. They provide reliable information which is an important ingredient in decision making.

3.Employment of accountants and auditors priochen very effective and vital. Because it is their job to help our audience to know the important functions. They work just like that for sure without further ado. They have a wide range of services, and they should have a broad knowledge to do the analysis, etc.
Their positions, there are four main areas. Each of them is what is important for the people, for technology and for the development of the country.

Билет19.Describe the accounting principles.Accrual principle. This is the concept that accounting transactions should be recorded in the accounting periods when they actually occur, rather than in the periods when there are cash flows associated with them. This is the foundation of the accrual basis of accounting. It is important for the construction of financial statements that show what actually happened in an accounting period, rather than being artificially delayed or accelerated by the associated cash flows. Conservatism principle. This is the concept that you should record expenses and liabilities as soon as possible, but to record revenues and assets only when you are sure that they will occur. This introduces a conservative slant to the financial statements that may yield lower reported profits, since revenue and asset recognition may be delayed for some time. Consistency principle. This is the concept that, once you adopt an accounting principle or method, you should continue to use it until a demonstrably better principle or method comes along. Not following the consistency principle means that a business could continually jump between different accounting treatments of its transactions that makes its long-term financial results extremely difficult to discern.Cost principle. This is the concept that a business should only record its assets, liabilities, and equity investments at their original purchase costs.That the transactions of a business should be kept separate from those of its owners and other businesses. considerable difficulties when the financial statements of a fledgling business are first audited.Full disclosure principle. This is the concept that you should include in or alongside the financial statements of a business all of the information that may impact a reader's understanding of those financial statements. Going concern principle. This is the concept that a business will remain in operation for the foreseeable future..Matching principle. This is the concept that, when you record revenue, you should record all related expenses at the same time.

In addition to examining and preparing financial documentation and written reports, auditors must explain their findings. This includes face-to-face meetings with organization managers and individual clients.

An auditor typically does the following:

Examines financial statements to be sure that they are accurate and comply with laws and regulations

Computes taxes owed, prepares tax returns, and ensures that taxes are paid properly and on time

Inspects account books and accounting systems for efficiency and use of accepted accounting procedures

Organizes and maintains financial records

Assesses financial operations and makes best-practices recommendations to management

Suggests ways to reduce costs, enhance revenues, and improve profits

Many auditors specialize, depending on the particular organization that they work for. Some specialize in assurance services (improving the quality or context of information for decision makers) or risk management (determining the probability of a misstatement on financial documentation). Other auditors specialize in specific industries, such as healthcare. Some workers with a background in accounting and auditing teach in colleges and universities.

The four main types of auditors are: Public auditors, Forensic auditors , Internal auditors, Information technology auditors

3. Write in a few words what the text is about.Public accountants are specialists who execute accounting, auditing, tax, and consulting activities for their clients, who may be corporations, governments, nonprofit organizations, or individuals. These activities may include tax matters, such as advising companies of the tax advantages and disadvantages of certain business decisions and preparing individual income tax returns. There is also forensic accounting – investigating and interpreting such crimes such as securities fraud, bankruptcies and etc.

Билет20.The accounting equation represents the basic equation associated with double-entry accounting. Essentially, this equation establishes the formula for representing the relationship that exists between assets, liabilities, and net worth. As the most common of all balance sheet equations, the accounting equation is also fundamental to learning how to properly read and utilize a balance sheet.
For the purposes of understanding how the accounting equation works, it is important to have some grasp of what is meant by each of the three basic components mentioned in the equation. Assets refer to the worth of goods or products in the possession of the owner. Liabilities represent the amount of cash or resources that were borrowed in order to acquire the assets. Net worth is the financial worth of the individual, less any outstanding debts to outside entities. Essentially, the point of the accounting equation is to arrive at this final component of net worth, or as it is sometimes referred to, the equity.

2.

3. The basic functions of accounting in a market economy are to measure economic activity of an enterprise and its profit, to show changes in its financial position and ensure that a fair report of the economic status and performance is made available to all those concerned.
These functions are performed at two different levels.

The accountants in the US communicate financial information to many people.

What users need financial information?
American accounting standards and objectives of financial statements fully meet the users' needs for useful information The following basic principles ensure the provision of such information in the manner the market requires.