A P P E N D I X

Irregular Verbs

Infinitive Past Simple Past Participle Translation
awake awoke awaken прокидатися, будити
be was/were been бути
bear bore born, borne народжуватися, носити
become became become ставати
begin began begun починати(ся)
bend bent bent згинатися
blow blew blown дути
break broke broken ламати(ся)
bring brought brought приносити
build built built будувати
burn burnt, burned burnt, burned палити
buy bought bought купувати
catch caught caught ловити
choose chose chosen вибирати
come came come приходити
cost cost cost коштувати
cut cut cut різати
deal dealt dealt мати справу
do did done робити
draw drew drawn малювати, тягнути
drink drank drunk пити
drive drove driven їхати, приводити у дію
eat ate eaten їсти
fall fell fallen падати
feed fed fed годувати
feel felt felt почувати(ся), відчувати
fight fought fought боротися
find found found знаходити
fly flew flown літати
forget forgot forgotten забувати
freeze froze frozen замерзати
get got got, gotten отримувати
give gave given давати
go went gone йти, їхати
grow grew grown рости
hang hung hung вішати
have had had мати
hear heard heard чути
hide hid hidden, hid ховати
hold held held тримати
keep kept kept тримати, зберігати
know knew known знати
lay laid laid класти
lead led led вести
leave left left покидати
let let let дозволяти, пускати
lie lay lain лежати
light lit, lighted lit, lighted освітлювати
lose lost lost втрачати, губити
make made made робити
mean meant meant означати
meet met met зустрічати(ся)
pay paid paid платити
put put put класти
read [ri:d] read [red] read [red] читати
ride rode ridden їхати верхи
ring rang rung дзвонити
rise rose risen підійматися
run ran run бігти
say said said говорити, сказати
see saw seen бачити
seek sought sought шукати
sell sold sold продавати
send sent sent відправляти, посилити
set set set встановлювати
shake shook shaken трусити
shine shone shone світити
shoot shot shot стріляти
show showed shown показувати
shut shut shut закривати
sing sang sung співати
sit sat sat сидіти
sleep slept slept спати
speak spoke spoken говорити, розмовляти
spend spent spent витрачати
spread spread spread поширювати(ся)
stand stood stood стояти
steal stole stolen красти
strike struck struck бити, страйкувати
swim swam swum плавати
take took taken брати
teach taught taught викладати
tell told told розповідати
think thought thought думати
throw threw thrown кидати
understand understood understood розуміти
wake woke woken будити, прокидатися
wear wore worn носити
win won won перемагати
write wrote written писати

Фонетичні правила читання голосних

 

Тип складу І тип відкритий ІІ тип закритий ІІІ тип rпісля голосного ІV тип rміж голосними
a [ei] hate [æ] hat [a:] hard [εə ] care
o [ou] note [P] not [O:] nor [O:] more
u [ju:] tube [V], [A] put, cut [ə:] turn [juq ] cure
e [i:] Pete [e] met [ə:] her [iq ] here
i, y [ai] fine, my [i] till, gyps [W] girl, Byrd [aiq ] fire, tyre

Порядок слів у стверджувальному реченні

Обставина часу, місця Підмет Обставина способу дії Присудок Додаток Обставина
In winter children often play snowballs in the school yards.
  He usually does his homework in time.

 

  Стверджувальне реченняThe shops close / don’t close at 7 tonight. Питальне реченняDo the shops close at 7 tonight? Спонукальне реченняShut the door. / Don’t shut the door. Окличне речення What a slow train this is!

 

Pronouns

особові I you he she it we you they me you him her it us you them
присвійні my your his her its our your their mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
зворотні та підсилювальні myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
взаємні each other, one another
вказівні this (these), that (those), such, the same
питальні who, whom, whose, what, which
відносні та з’єднувальні who, whom, whose, what, which, that
невизначені some, any, one, all, each, every, other, another, both, many, much, few, little, either, no, none, neither

Active Voice

  Indefinite Continuous be + V-ing Perfect have + V-ed (3ф) Perfect Continuous have been + V-ing
Present V(s) I write a letter. She writes a letter. I am writing a letter now. I have just written a letter. I have been writing a letter for an hour.
Past V-ed (2ф) I wrote a letter an hour ago. I worked hard. I was writing a letter when you called me. I said that I had already written a letter. I had been writing a letter when you came.
Future will + V I will write a letter next week. I will be writing a letter at 5. I will have written a letter by 5. I will have been writing a letter for an hour tomorrow.