Render the text in Russian according to the plan
1.What is combustion and what can we use as a fuel?
2.What is the main purpose of both jet engine and rocket engine?
3.What is the main difference between jet engine and rocket engine?
4.What liquids can be used in liquid rockets?
5.What is another type of rocket and why is it safer and easier to handle and operate?
6.What is a hybrid rocket?
7.What is the technical way to explain the difference between jet and rocket engines?
Russian: R-36 (SS-9), R-36M (SS-18)
The R-36, (Russian: R-36) is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War in 1962. The original R-36 was produced by the Soviet industry under the design name 8K67 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp. The later version, the R-36M was produced under design name of 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan. This missile was viewed by certain U.S. analysts as giving the Soviet Union first strike advantage over the U.S., particularly because of its very heavy throw weight and extremely large number of re-entry vehicles. Some versions of the R-36M were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 penetration aids and the missile's high throw-weight made it theoretically capable of carrying more warheads or penetration aids. Contemporary U.S. missiles, such as the Minuteman III, carried up to three warheads at most.
The R-36 (SS-9) is a two-stage rocket powered by a liquid bipropellant, with Unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer. It carries one of three types of re-entry vehicles (RVs) developed especially for this missile:
§ The Modification 1 and Modification 2 carried single nuclear warheads of 18 and 25 megatons of TNT yield respectively.
§ The Modification 4 carried three multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicles (MIRV).
An additional version, the Modification 3, was proposed (it was to be a Fractional Orbital Bombardment System (FOBS), a missile that travels through space in a low-earth orbit), but was not adopted due to the Outer Space Treaty.
The R-36P missile was developed to carry the Modification 4 warhead, while the R-36O (the letter O) was to be for the Modification 3 FOBS. R-36 and R-36P missiles were hot launched from their silos.
The R-36M (SS-18) is similar to the R-36 in design, but has the capacity to mount a payload of 10 warheads, each with a 550–750 kiloton yield, or a single warhead of up to 20 megaton. Throw-weight of the missile is 8,800 kg. This makes the Soviet R-36 the world's heaviest ICBM; for comparison, the heaviest US ICBM (the retired LGM-118 Peacekeeper that carried 10 warheads of 300 kiloton each) had less than a half of this at 4,000 kg. The R-36M has two stages. The first is a 460,000 kgf (4.5 MN) thrust motor with four combustion chambers and nozzles. The second stage is a single-chamber 77,000 kgf (755 kN) thrust motor.
At full deployment, before the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, 308 R-36M launch silos were operational. After the breakup of the USSR, 204 of these were located on the territory of the Russian Federation and 104 on the territory of newly independent Kazakhstan. Part of the missiles in Kazakhstan (54 of them) was under the 57th Rocket Division at Zhangiz-Tobe (Solnechnyy), Semipalatinsk Region. The other R-36 establishment in Kazakhstan was the 38th Rocket Division at Derzhavinsk, Turgay Region. In the next few years Russia reduced the number of R-36M launch silos to 154 to conform with the Start I Treaty. The missiles in Kazakhstan were all deactivated by 1995. The subsequent START II treaty was to eliminate all R-36M missiles but it did not enter into force and the missiles remained on duty.
1. Answer the questions:
1.When was the R-36 designed?
2.Why was this missile viewed by certain American analysts as the missile having the first strike advantage over the USA?
3.How many warheads had the later versions of this rocket and how many targets could they hit?
4.What kind of propellant did the rocket carry?
5.What was the main advantage of the 3-rd version of this missile?
6.How many of these rockets were located on the territory of the Russian Federation after the break up of the USSR?
7.What was the purpose of the START II treaty?
8.Compare Soviet and American heaviest missiles.
2. Translate from English into Russian:
· a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles
· the Cold War
· were deployed with 10 warheads and up to 40 penetration aids
· a liquid bipropellant
· a missile that travels through space in a low-earth orbit
· thrust motor with four combustion chambers and nozzles
· at full deployment
· reduce the number
· the missiles were deactivated
· the subsequent treaty was to eliminate all R-36M missiles
3. Find the English equivalents:
· межконтинентальная баллистическая ракета
· космические корабли
· более поздняя версия
· некоторые американские аналитики рассматривали эту ракету как...
· некоторые из этих ракет развертывались с 10 боеголовками
· стартовая шахта
· ракета имеет две ступени
· камера сгорания, сопло
· сократить количество стартовых шахт
· соответствующий последующий договор
· уничтожить ракеты
· вступить в силу
4. Say if the sentences are true or false:
1.R-36 is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles and space launch vehicles designed by the USA during the Cold War in 1962.
2.The original R-36 was given by Americans the name of Satan.
3.The R-36M (SS-18) is quite different from the R-36 in design.
4.The Soviet R-36 the world's heaviest ICBM.
5.The R-36 is a two-stage rocket powered by a solid bipropellant.
6.After the breakup of the USSR, these missiles were located only on the territory of the Russian Federation.
7.The missiles in Kazakhstan were all deactivated.
8.The subsequent treaty was to eliminate all R-36M missiles and it entered into force.
Tesla Motors
Tesla Motors is named after electrical engineer and physicist Nikola Tesla. The Tesla Mobile uses an AC motor descended directly from Tesla's original 1882 design, which he said came to him in a feverish hallucination due to exhaustion when he was working as an engineer and inventor in Austria-Hungary.
The Tesla Roadster, the company's first vehicle, is the first production automobile to use lithium-ion battery cells and the first production EV with a range greater than 200 miles (320 km) per charge. The base model accelerates 0–60 mph (97 km/h) in 3.9 seconds and, according to Tesla Motor's environmental analysis, is twice as energy efficient as the Toyota Prius. As of January 2011, Tesla had delivered more than 1,500 Roadsters in at least 30 countries. Tesla has said that it will produce a total serial production run of 2,400 Roadsters. Tesla began producing right-hand-drive Roadsters in early 2010 for the UK and Ireland markets, and then expanded sales to right-hand-drive markets of Australia, Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore.
Tesla is currently developing the Model S, an all-electric family sedan. Tesla unveiled the car March 26, 2009 with an anticipated base price of US$57,400. The Model S will have three battery pack options for a range of up to 300 miles (480 km) per charge. As of January 2011, Tesla has taken about 3,500 reservations for the Model S and expects to begin delivering cars to customers in 2012. Tesla currently employs more than 500 people and is aggressively recruiting employees; and at an increasing number of sales facilities throughout North America and Europe.
Corporate strategy
One of Tesla's stated goals is to increase the number and variety of EVs available to mainstream consumers in three ways: Tesla sells its own vehicles in a growing number of company-owned showrooms and online; it sells patented electric power train components to other automakers so that they may get their own EVs to customers sooner; and it serves as a catalyst and positive example to other automakers, demonstrating that there is pent-up consumer demand for vehicles that are both high-performance and efficient. General Motors' then-Vice Chairman Robert Lutz said in 2007 that the Tesla Roadster inspired him to push GM to develop the Chevrolet Volt, a hybrid sedan. In an August 2009 edition of The New Yorker, Lutz was quoted as saying, "All the geniuses here at General Motors kept saying lithium-ion technology is 10 years away, and Toyota agreed with us -- and boom, along comes Tesla. So I said, 'How come some tiny little California startup, run by guys who know nothing about the car business, can do this, and we can't?'“ Tesla founder and CEO Elon Musk won the 2010 Automotive Executive of the Year Innovator Award for hastening the development of electric vehicles throughout the global automotive industry.
The Tesla Roadster has a base price of US$109,000, €84,000 or GB£86,950 (not including numerous tax incentives, credits and waivers). Tesla's goal is to sell EVs to mainstream consumers at more affordable prices — but Tesla purposely aimed its first production vehicle at "early adopters" so that the company could optimize the technology before cascading it down to less expensive vehicles. The company's subsequent car, the Model S sedan, is anticipated to begin production for the 2012 model year with a base price of US$57,400 (or US$49,900 after a US federal tax credit), roughly half that of the Roadster. The company then plans to launch a US$30,000 vehicle, codenamed Blue Star. Tesla also builds electric power train components for more affordable cars.
1. Answer the questions:
1.When was the first Tesla Motor designed?
2.How fast does the base model accelerate?
3.What model do they compare it to?
4.How many countries do they sell their cars to?
5.When did they begin producing right-hand-drive Roadsters?
6.What model is the company currently developing?
7.What are three main company’s goals?
8.How can the company be an example for other main world manufacturers? Which ones?
9.What is the base price of their model? Are they going to reduce it?
10.What are the plans of the company for the future?
2. Translate into Russian:
· is named after
· due to exhaustion
· environmental analysis
· is twice as energy efficient
· expanded sales
· Tesla is currently developing
· is aggressively recruiting employees
· vehicles that are both high-performance and efficient
· hastening the development of electric vehicles
· optimize the technology
· company's subsequent car
· plans to launch
3. Translate from Russian into English:
· инженер-электрик, физик и изобретатель
· разработанный на основе оригинальной конструкции
· в два раза эффективнее, чем
· расширить продажи праворульных машин
· машина впервые была показана
· растущее число собственных автосалонов
· запатентованные запчасти для электродвигателей
· маленькая частная новая фирма
· планирует запустить в производство
4. Say if the sentences are true or false:
1.The design of the motor came to the inventor in the dream.
2.The first automobile used lithium-ion battery cells.
3.The base model is the same as energy efficient as the Toyota Prius.
4.Tesla had delivered more than 1,500 Roadsters in at least 50 countries.
5.The company cooperates with General Motors.
6.The company base model is very cheap because of the new technology they use in design.
7.They are going to put on the market the sedan car in 2012.
8.The company’s new vehicle has the code name The Black Star.
9.The company doesn’t produce spare parts for electric motors.
5. Render the text using the plan:
1.The beginning of the company
2.The first company’s vehicle
3.The model under construction
4.Three parts and goals of company’s success
5.The price for their cars