Приставки для образования десятичных кратных и дольных единиц
ENGLISH FOR IT STUDENTS
МОСКВА 2012
Мороз И.Н., кандидат педагогических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных языков РосНОУ.
Рецензент: Алексеева М.Н., доцент, кандидат филологических наук, заведующая кафедрой иностранных языков РосНОУ.
Учебное пособие предназначено для обучения английскому языку программистов, операторов ЭВМ и других специалистов, связанных с информатикой и вычислительной техникой. Языковой материал пособия отобран с учетом потребностей данной категории обучаемых.
Целью данного пособия является помощь студентам в овладении английским языком специальностей, связанных с информатикой и вычислительной техникой. В пособии использованы аутентичные материалы, что дает возможность познакомиться именно с тем языком, на котором говорят носители языка и который используется в специальной литературе данной области науки и техники.
Пособие состоит из пяти разделов, последовательное изучение которых позволяет получить общее представление о компьютере, его истории, возможностях, видах и основных сферах применения. В результате многократного повторения основной тематической лексики достигается ее прочное усвоение.
Пособие может быть использовано для обучения студентов любой формы обучения, в том числе и дистанционной. Наличие ответов к заданиям и тематического словаря позволяет использовать его для самостоятельной работы.
1. First Steps in IT English: Words, Notions, Measurements
Unit A Parts and Measurements
Vocabulary
to compute
computer
PC – Personal computer
desktop
part
device
hardware
drive
hard drive
floppy disk drive
CD-ROM drive
CD-rewriter
CD – compact disk
DVD – Digital Versatile Disk
tower
mouse
key
keyboard
peripherals
to store
storage
storage device
memory
RAM – Random Access Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory
unit
to measure
measurement
bit – binary digit
byte
kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte
hertz
megahertz, gigahertz
inch
speed
size
rate
to process
processor
CPU – central processing unit
to control
to perform
performance
to run
to move
to remove
movement
software
program
to program
programmer
to operate
operation
OS – operating /operation system
to display
display
to monitor
monitor
screen
to print
printer
to type
type
character
letter
graphics
image
picture
a) chose the correct translation:
1) to measure
| a) обрабатывать | b) выполнять | c) измерять | d) запускать |
2) device
| а) экран | b) устройство | c) привод | d) память |
3) to run
| a) обрабатывать | b) выполнять | c) измерять | d) запускать |
4) screen
| а) экран | b) устройство | c) привод | d) память |
5) drive
| а) экран | b) устройство | c) привод | d) память |
6) size
| a) размер | b) скорость | c) память | d) привод |
7) to perform
| a) обрабатывать | b) выполнять | c) измерять | d) запускать |
8) to process
| a) обрабатывать | b) выполнять | c) измерять | d) запускать |
9) speed
| a) размер | b) скорость | c) память | d) привод |
10) storage
| а) экран | b) устройство | c) привод | d) память |
b) Match the words with their meanings:
| a) keyboard b) desktop c) unit d) performance e) operate f) device g) type h) process i) store j) part | 1) набирать 2) устройство 3) работать 4) обрабатывать 5) клавиатура 6) хранить 7) блок 8) деталь 9) настольный 10) быстродействие |
c) Match the words with their definitions:
| a) character b) hardware c) megabyte d) performance e) process f) software g) store h) image i) device j) megahertz | 1) how well or badly a computer, machine, etc. works or does smth 2) the programs used by a computer 3) a single letter, number or space that is typed in a computer document 4) a copy or picture of sth seen on a computer 5) the machinery and electronic parts of a computer system that you can touch 6) to keep information or data in a computer's memory 7) a unit for measuring the speed of a CPU. 8) a tool or a piece of equipment made for a particular purpose 9) a unit for measuring computer memory 10) (used about a computer) to read data and use it to perform a series of tasks (operations) |
d) Make up two-word expressions:
| to process to control to watch a binary an operation to type to measure to play to run a storage | movies a program games data hardware device digit system size letters |
e) Make up three-word expressions:
| Central Random Read Hard Digital | Access Versatile Only Processing Disk | Disk Drive Memory Memory Unit |
f) Find synonyms:
| character speed device keep image software storage operate part computer | picture machine work rate component store letter program hardware memory |
g) Complete the sentences with the words from the box:
| measure, CPU, graphics,movies, run, processes, RAM |
1) Most computers ___ the Microsoft Windows OS.
2) We ___ the size of the hard disk in gigabytes.
3) Watching ___ on the Internet needs a faster ___.
4) The CPU controls how fast the computer ___data.
5) Programs with a lot of ___ need a large ___to run well
h) Guess what it is:
1) a device that can read and write to writable disks
2) a tool or a piece of equipment made for a particular purpose
3) the part of the computer that reads and stores information on disks
4) a machine that is connected to a computer and that prints on paper
5) the set of buttons (keys) that you press to operate a computer
6) a separate part of a PC with a large screen that shows information from the computer
7) a small device that you move across a surface with your hand to control the movement of the cursor
8) the general term used for a computer, which usually consists of a monitor, a tower, a keyboard and a mouse
9) any piece of hardware (= machinery, etc. that forms part of or is connected to a computer) apart from the CPU and the working memory (RAM)
10) a metal box that contains the CPU, hard disk drive and power supply for a PC
Reading
a) Read the text quickly. Match the headings (a-d) with the paragraphs (1-4):
a Memory b Speed c PCs and Notebooks d Hardware/ Software
1. The parts of a computer you can touch, such as the monitor or the Central Processing Unit (CPU) are hardware. All hardware except the CPU and the working memory are called peripherals. Computer programs are software. The operating system (OS) is software that controls the hardware. Most computers run the Microsoft Windows OS. MacOS and Linux are other operating systems.
2. The CPU controls how fast the computer processesdata, or information. We measure its speed in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz). The higher the speed of the CPU, the faster the computer will run. You can type letters and play computer games with a 500 MHz CPU. Watching movies on the Internet needs a faster CPU and a modem.
3. We measure the Random Access Memory (RAM) of the computer in megabytes (MB). RAM controls the performance of the computer when it is working and moves data to and from the CPU. Programs with a lot of graphics need a large RAM to run well. The hard disk stores data and software programs. We measure the size of the hard disk in gigabytes (GB).
4. Computer technology changes fast, but a desktop PC (Personal Computer) usually has a tower, a separate monitor, a keyboard and a mouse. The CPU, modem, CD-ROM and floppy disk drives are usually inside the tower. A notebook is a portable computer with all these components inside one small unit. Notebooks have a screen, not a monitor, and are usually more expensive than desktops with similar specifications.
(W)
b) Look at these words. Write H (hardware), P (peripheral), S (software) or M (measurement) next to each one:
1 CPU 2MacOS 3 megabyte (MB) 4 printer 5 RAM 6 megahertz (MHz) 7 mouse 8 modem 9 Linux 10 scanner 11 gigabytes (GB) 12 floppy disk
c) Match the highlighted words and phrases in the text with the definitions (1-7):
| 1. parts 2. pictures and images 3. reads and uses data | 4. measurements 5. use a computer program 6. keeps data in the memory 7. how well a computer does something |
Приставки для образования десятичных кратных и дольных единиц
Наименования десятичных кратных и дольных единиц образуются присоединением нижеуказанных приставок к наименованиям исходных единиц.
| da – deca (дека – да) = 101 h - hecto (гекто – г) = 102 k – kilo (кило – к) = 103 M – mega (мега – М) = 106 G – giga (гига – Г) = 109 T – tera (тера – Т) = 1012 P – peta (пета – П) = 1015 E – exa (экса – Э) = 1018 | d – deci (деци – д) = 10-1 c – centi (санти – с) = 10-2 m – milli (милли – м) = 10-3 - micro (микро – мк) = 10-6 n – nano (нано - н) = 10-9 p – pico (пико – п) = 10-12 f – femto (фемто – ф) = 10-15 a – atto (атто – а) = 10-18 |
Unit B What is a Computer?
Vocabulary
to accept
step
to involve
to feed (fed)
set
to set
set-up
to put
to input
to output
to make
to make up
make-up
to call
to consist
main
main memory
influence
to influence
influential
to execute
executive
to hold (held)
to hold down
current
currently
to attach
attachment
to provide
permanent
to equip
equipment
socket
to connect
connection
handle
to handle
able
to enable
common
to extract
means
by means of
to plug
range
general
generally
a) chose the correct translation:
1) consist
| а) прикреплять | b) состоять | c) извлекать | d) составлять |
2) extract
| а) прикреплять | b) состоять | c) извлекать | d) составлять |
3) step
| а) шаг | b) набор | c) влияние | d) средство |
4) involve
| а) предоставлять | b) вовлекать | c) устанавливать | d) делать |
5) set
| а) шаг | b) набор | c) влияние | d) средство |
6) influence
| а) шаг | b) набор | c) влияние | d) средство |
7) attach
| а) прикреплять | b) состоять | c) извлекать | d) составлять |
8) provide
| а) предоставлять | b) вовлекать | c) устанавливать | d) делать |
9) means
| а) шаг | b) набор | c) влияние | d) средство |
10) make up
| а) прикреплять | b) состоять | c) извлекать | d) составлять |
b) Match the words with their meanings:
| a) main b) execute c) enable d) hold e) equipment f) connect g) common h) call i) range j) currently | 1) оборудование 2) называть 3) главный 4) в настоящее время 5) давать возможность 6) диапазон 7) держать 8) распространенный 9) соединять 10) выполнять |
c) Match the words with their definitions:
| a) able b) execute c) influence d) general e) current f) hold g) permanent h) step i) by means of j) plug | 1) clever, having or showing knowledge or skill 2) now passing, of the present time 3) have or keep in one’s possession 4) one action in a series of actions 5) carry out 6) make a connection 7) not special or particular 8) through, with the help of 9) not expected to change, going for a long time 10) power to affect, action of some force |
d) Make up two-word expressions:
| to accept main storage optical input physical computer to process finished permanent | data devices units product drive system storage memory data devices |
e) Find synonyms:
| a) set up b) hold c) step d) feed e) execute f) via g) currently h) attach i) provide j)main | 1) connect 2) input 3) chief 4) contain 5) by means of 6) give 7) now 8) install 9) perform 10) operation |
Reading
a) Read the text:
What is a Computer?
Computers are electronic machines which can accept data in a certain form, process the data and give the results of processing in a specified format as information.
Three basic steps are involved in the process: First, data is fed into the computer’s memory. Then, when the program is run, the computer performs a set of instructions and processes the data. Finally, we can see the results (the output) on the screen or in printed form.
Information in the form of data and program is known as software, and the electronic and mechanical parts that make up a computer system are called hardware. A standard computer system consists of three main sections: the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the main memory and the peripherals.
Perhaps the most influential component is theCentral Processing Unit. It is to execute program functions and to coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the ‘brain’ of the computer. The main memory holds the instructions and data which are currently being processed by the CPU. The peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/ output devices.
Storage devices(floppyor hard disks) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are themouse and thekeyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.
On the rear panel of the computer there are several ports into which we can plug a wide range of peripherals – modems, fax machines, optical drives and scanners.
These are the main physical units of a computer system, generally known as the configuration.
b) Use the information in the text to help you match the terms hi the box with the appropriate explanation or definition below:
| a) software; b) floppy disk; c) output; | d) peripheral devices; e) hardware; f) Central Processing Unit | g) monitor; h) input; i) port. |
1. The brain of the computer.
2. Physical parts that make up a computer system.
3. Programs which can be used on particular computer system.
4. The information which is presented to the computer.
5. Results produced by a computer.
6. Hardware equipment attached to the CPU.
7. Visual display unit.
8. Small device used to store information. Same as ‘diskette’.
9. Any socket or channel in a computer system into which an input/output device may be connected.
c) Complete the sentences with the words from the box:
| software process type hardware output operate |
1) Computers are electronic machines that … information.
2) Computers … quickly and accurately in solving problems.
3) After processing the information, they … the results.
4) You can … and print any kind of document – letters, memos, or legal documents.
5) … is a set of devices and … is a set of programs.
Summing-up
1. What do we mean when we say “a computer”?
2. What parts make up a computer system?
3. What are the main units of measurement in computer science?
4. What is hardware?
5. What is software?
6. Why is the central processor called “a brain of a computer”?
7. What do we use to input data?
4 Speaking: Now you can tell what a computer is.