Ex. 3. Answer the following questions
1) What is the official name of India?
2) What religions shaped India’ diverse culture?
3) What transformed India into one of the fastest economies of the world?
4) When did the first known permanent settlements appear in India?
5) How many states and territories does the Republic of India consist?
6) What period is referred to as ancient “India’s Golden Age”?
7) When did much of North India come under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate?
8) Why do you think India was brought under the rule of the British Crown in the 19th century?
9) Who launched a nationwide struggle for independence in the 20th century?
10) When and how India gained independence?
Ex. 4. Are these statements true or false? If they are false, correct them.
a) India is a country in the Middle East.
b) India is bordered by Nepal to the east.
c) Christianity and Islam arrived in India in the first millennium AD.
d) The name India is derived from the Old Indian word Hindu.
e) On 15 August 1947 India gained independence from British rule.
VOCABULARY
Ex. 5. Give the English equivalents to the following words and expressions:
Торговые маршруты, в первом тысячелетии, независимое государство, борьба за независимость, широкое ненасильственное сопротивление, парламентарная система демократии, страдать от бедности, неграмотность, постоянные поселения, Древнеиндийская цивилизация, внутренние конфликты, находилась под властью, военные формирования восставших, гражданское неповиновение, кастовая система, наследственные группы.
FOLLOW UP
Ex. 6. Find the sentences stating the general idea of each paragraph.
Ex. 7. Make a report on the following topics:
--- Indian festivals;
--- Indian film industry;
--- Indian music and dance
UNIT 8
WARM UP
Ex. 1. Answer the pre – reading questions:
1) How many official languages in South Africa?
a) 3 b) 5 c) 11
2) What do you know about apartheid?
READING
Ex. 2. Read the text and give the general idea of each paragraph:
SOUTH AFRICA
The Republic of South Africa is a country located at the southern tip of Africa, with a 2,798 kilometres coastlineon the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. To the north lie Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe; to the east is Mozambique; while Lesotho is an independent country wholly surrounded by South African territory.
Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for more than 100,000 years. At the time of European contact, the dominant indigenous peoples were tribes who had migrated from other parts of Africa about one thousand years before. From the 4th-5th century CE, Bantu-speaking tribes had steadily moved south, where they displaced, conquered and assimilated original peoples of southern Africa.
In 1487, the Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost point of Africa. Initially named the Cape of Storms, The King of Portugal, John II, renamed it the Cape of Good Hope, as it led to the riches of India In 1652, a century and a half after the discovery of the Cape Sea Route, the Dutch East India Company founded a refreshment station at what would become Cape Town. The Dutch transported slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar, and India as labour for the colonists in Cape Town. As they expanded east, the Dutch settlers met the south-westerly expanding Xhosa people in the region of the Fish River. A series of wars, called the Cape Frontier Wars, ensued, mainly caused by conflicting land and livestock interests. Cape Town became a British colony in 1806. They consolidated the territory by encouraging British settlement. Due to pressure of abolitionist societies in Britain, the British parliament first abolished slavery in all its colonies in 1833. European settlement expanded during the 1820s as the Boers (original Dutch, Flemish, German and French settlers) and the British 1820 Settlers claimed land in the north and east of the country. The discovery of diamonds and later gold triggered the 19th-century conflict known as the Anglo-Boer War, as the Boers and the British fought for the control of the South African mineral wealth. Although the British defeated the Boers, they gave limited independence to South Africa in outside of the country, the government legislated for a continuation of apartheid. As the 20th century went on, 1910 as a British dominion.
South Africa achieved the status of a republic in 1961. Despite opposition both in and some Western nations and institutions began to boycott doing business with the country because of its racial policies and oppression of civil rights. After years of internal protests, activism and insurgency by black South Africans and their allies, finally in 1990, the South African government began negotiations that led to dismantling of discriminative laws, and democratic elections in 1994. The country then rejoined the Commonwealth of Nations
.South Africa has three capital cities: Cape Town, the largest of the three, is the legislative capital; Pretoria is the administrative capital; and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital. South Africa is one of the constitutional democracies in the world. It has a bicameral parliament: the National Council of Provinces (the upper house) has 90 members, while the National Assembly (the lower house) has 400 members. Members of the lower house are elected on a population basis by proportional representation: half of the members are elected from national lists and the other half are elected from provincial lists. Ten members are elected to represent each province in the National Council of Provinces, regardless of the population of the province. Elections for both chambers are held every five years. The government is formed in the lower house, and the leader of the majority party in the National Assembly is the President.
South Africa is known for a diversity in cultures, languages, and religious beliefs. Eleven official languages are recognized in the constitution English, despite having a large role in public and commercial life, is only the fifth most-spoken home language South Africa is ethnically diverse, with the largest European, Indian, and racially mixed communities in Africa. Although 79.5% of the South African population is black the people are from a variety of ethnic groups speaking different Bantu languages, nine of which have official status About a quarter of the population is unemployed and lives on less than US $1.25 a day.
COMPREHENSION CHECK
Ex. 3. Answer the following questions:
1) Where is South Africa located?
2) What countries does it border with?
3) When did Bantu – speaking tribes conquer native people of southern Africa?
4) Who founded Cape Town?
5) Why did Anglo – Buer war begin?
6) Why do Western countries begin to boycott business with South Africa in the second half
of 20th century?
7) Is English the most – spoken language in South Africa?
8) What is percentage of black population?
9) What city is the legislative capital?
10) Why can we call South Africa a constitutional democracy?
Ex. 4. Are these statements true or false? If they are false, correct them.
1) A Spanish explorer became the first European to reach the Cape of Good Hope.
2) South Africa became a republic in 1861.
3) The British parliament first stopped its global slave trade in all its colonies 1833.
4) The Dutch transported slaves from Indonesia, Madagascar and India.
5) In the 3rd century Bantu – speaking people assimilated original peoples of southern Africa.
6) The discovery of diamonds and gold caused Anglo – Buer war in the 19th century.
VOCABULARY
Ex. 5. Give the English equivalents to the following words and expressions:
располагаться, современные люди, населять, ассимилировать, вызвать конфликт, Англо – бурская война, ограничить независимость, начать переговоры, гражданские права, разнообразный, безработный, Организация Объединенных наций (ООН), союзник, мятеж, последовать , однородный, окружать, сохранение апартеида, отмена дискриминирующих законов.
FOLLOW UP
Ex. 6. Ask the questions about the following numbers and dates from the text:
1) a. 2,798; b. 1 00 000; c. 4 -5 ; d. 1.25; e. 19;
2) a. 1910; b. 1861; c. 1487; d. 1652; e.1833;
Ex. 7. Be ready to talk on the following topics:
n Anglo – Buer war;
n Apartheid;
n Modern politics in South Africa;
Учебное издание.
Учебное пособие для вузов.
Составители ГончароваЛюбовь Юрьевна
КрымоваГалина Владимировна
КунаеваНадежда Васильевна
Редактор .