Give a summary of the fragment
Chapter 6 (pages 23-29)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
obstruction – преграда, помеха, препятствие
square – квадрат, квадратный
rectangular – прямоугольный
circle – круг
builder’s square – наугольник
corner – угол
to tie a string – завязывать веревку
equal – равный
right angle – прямой угол
nail – гвоздь, прибивать гвоздями
loop – петля, затягивать петлю
trammel – эллипсограф
2. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a profile /a / can / using / moving / trammel / out / or / Curved / by / be / a / walls / set
b are / a / made / triangle / Right / traditionally / by / angles /3-4-5 / using
c on / building / of / set / profiles / outline / ground / the / fixed / and / The / with / the / out / is / lines
d by / and / center / positioned / Columns / lines / piers / using / are
e fix / two / should / at / each / One / profiles / corner
3. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a The diagonals of a rectangular building must be the same length.
b Rectangular buildings need fixed profiles.
c A square consists of two timber posts with a horizontal board across the top.
d The walls of a square or rectangular building must form angles of 180 degrees.
e Circular buildings also need fixed profiles.
4. Give the three forms of the following verbs, translate them into Russian:
establish, can, measure, build, be, mean, position, show, cut, attach, see, make, describe, find, assemble, give, use, nail, level, fix, bear, mark, remove, complete, locate, finish, run, drill, loop.
5. Answer the following questions:
a How to use a 3-4-5 triangle to make right angles?
b What is the alternative way of making right angles?
c How to make a profile?
d What are the steps of setting out a building?
e How to set out a moving profile for a circular building?
f What are the typical levels that need to be measured during the building process?
g What are the steps of setting up and using a site datum?
Chapter 7 (pages 30-31)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
indicate – показывать, указывать
carry out – выполнять
topsoil – верхний слой почвы
stepped foundation – ступенчатый фундамент
basement – подвальный этаж, цокольный этаж
to solve a problem – решить проблему
support – опора, поддержка
damage – повреждение, поломка
firm – крепкий, прочный, твердый
filler – наполнитель
to settle – давать усадку
to pack tightly – хорошо утрамбовывать
Chapter 8 (pages 43-47)
1. Remember the following words and expressions, make 10 sentences with them:
slab – плита
mesh – арматурная сетка
overlap – напуск, нахлестка
brick course – горизонтальный ряд кирпичной кладки
conventional – традиционный, обычный
to overcome the problem – решить проблему
bore – бурить, сверлить
trunk – ствол дерева, стержень колонны
to contract – сжиматься, сокращаться
clay – глина
moisture – влага
black cotton soil – регур (тяжелый глинистый грунт)
respond – отвечать, реагировоть
flint – кремень
bored (replacement) pile – буро-заливная свая
driven (displacement) pile – забивная свая
2. Fill the gaps with the necessary words, there is one extra word, translate the sentences into Russian:
solution, size, strength, short-bored, bearing capacity, piled foundations, building loads, mesh reinforcement, surface, framed buildings
a The total … and the load bearing capacity of the soil are crucial for the … of the pad foundation.
b The … of the raft foundation is increased by … .
c Poor soil conditions, lightweight … , small houses usually require … piled foundations. .
d If the soil has a poor … , raft foundations are a good … .
e The … should be built when the soil near the … is not strong enough.
3. Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, translate them into Russian:
a holes / soil / usually / The / load-bearing / trial / is / shown / depth / suitable / of / by
b thickness / should / change / strip / the / not / The / more / in / the / foundation/ be / level / than / of
c concrete / an / floor / that / of / formed / building / Raft / is / boundaries / slab / the / foundation / forms / the / ground / oversite
d be / some / pile-driving / with / auger / by / process / The / soil / an / should / removing / preceded
e piers / and / pad / free-standing / usually / Concrete / foundations / brick / supported / are / columns / by
4. Mark these sentences as true (T) or false (F), explain your choice, translate them into Russian:
a Piles should be placed on the centre line of the walls that need support.
b The slab that forms the raft foundations must be thickened at the edges with an edge beam.
c The higher level foundation should extend over and meet with the lower one for a distance not less than its thickness .
d The load is distributed evenly over the ground in case a rectangular pad foundation is built .
e Bored piles are normally hammered into soft ground at measured intervals .
5. Answer the following questions:
a When and why are the stepped foundations built?
b What factors control the width and thickness of a strip foundation?
c What is a pad foundation? What is it used for?
d What are the types of piled foundations?
e When is it impossible to use piled foundations?
f What is a raft foundation?
g When is it preferable to build a raft foundation?