Work in pairs and ask each other as many questions as you can about Networking Safety Tips. Make a list of online safety rules
7. Think about the advantages and disadvantages of social network services. Work in groups. Fill in the table to show the arguments FOR using social network services and the arguments AGAINST it. Use the information in the text and your own ideas:
| FOR | AGAINST |
8. Read the following quotations. Choose one you agree or disagree with, explain why:
· Computers are magnificent tools for the realization of our dreams, but no machine can replace the human spark of spirit, compassion, love, and understanding. (Louis Gerstner)
· Supercomputers will achieve one human brain capacity by 2010, and personal computers will do so by about 2020.
· Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes.
Text 13. TIM BERNERS-LEE
1. Working in pairs, discuss the following questions:
1. What is the World Wide Web? Give a definition of this term.
2. Do you know when and where it was created?
3. What can you say about Tim Berners-Lee? How is he connected with the creation of the World Wide Web?
2. A) Match the following words and word-combinations with their Russian equivalents:
| 1. to struggle with 2. to require 3. to find out 4. a solution 5. to bypass 6. to found 7. to empower 8. open-ended 9. to speak out for 10. equal | a) расширяемый b) решение c) равный, равноправный d) биться над чем-либо, стараться сделать что-либо e) выяснять f) высказываться за что-либо g) нуждаться, требовать h) обойти i) давать возможность j) основывать, учреждать |
B) Translate the phrases using the words given above:
1. to struggle with connecting incompatible computer systems
2. to require a specialized access procedure
3. to find out what the colleagues are doing
4. to find a solution to bypass traditional database systems
5. to found the World Wide Web Consortium
6. tools that empower the user to make the final decision
7. to become a truly interactive, open-ended knowledge system
8. to speak out for “net neutrality”
9. to provide an equal treatment as a fundamental democratic principle
3. Read the text and choose the most suitable heading from the list (1-7) for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you don’t need to use:
1. Means of creating Web pages
2. Development of a ‘semantic’ Web
3. The work of the physics research institute
4. Foundation of the W3C
5. A fundamental principle in the Net
6. Berners-Lee’s achievements
7.The idea of the World Wibe Web
A) A graduate of Oxford University, Tim Berners-Lee created what would become the World Wide Web in 1989 while working at CERN, the giant European physics research institute. At CERN, he struggled with connecting the dozens of incompatible computer systems and software that had been brought to the laboratories by thousands of scientists from around the world. Each system required a specialized access procedure, so researchers didn’t even hope to find out what their colleagues were doing or to learn about existing software tools that might solve their problems.
B) Berners-Lee’s solution was to bypass traditional database systems and to consider text on all systems as “pages” that would have a unique address, a universal document identifier (later known as a uniform resource locator, or URL). He and his assistants used existing ideas of hypertext to link words and phrases on one page to another page, and adapted existing hypertext editing software for the NeXT computer to create the first World Wide Web pages, a server that provided access to the pages and a simple browser, a program that could be used to read pages and follow the links as the reader wanted. But while existing hypertext systems allowed browsing a single file or the contents of a single computer system, Berners-Lee’s World Wide Web used the emerging Internet to provide nearly universal access.
C) Between 1990 and 1993, news about Web spread throughout the academic community because Web software was written for more computer platforms. In 1994 Berners-Lee founded the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and continues as its director. Together with his colleagues, he has tried to develop tools that would empower the user to make the final decision about the information he or she would see or spread.
D) Berners-Lee now works as a senior researcher at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. According to his original view of the Web, users would create Web pages as easily as they could read them, using software that would be no more complicated than a word processor. While there are programs today that hide the details of HTML coding and allow creating Web page easily, Berners-Lee feels the Web must be even easier to use if it becomes a truly interactive, open-ended knowledge system. He is also interested in developing software that can handle the rich variety of information on the Web, creating a “semantic” Web of meaningful connections that would allow doing logical analysis and help human beings and machines not merely to connect, but to actively collaborate.
E) Berners-Lee has spoken out for “net neutrality,” the idea that priority that is given to material passing over the Internet should not depend on its content or origin. He thinks that equal treatment should be a fundamental democratic principle in the Net today.
F) Berners-Lee has got numerous awards and honorary degrees. In 1997 he was made an Officer of the British Empire, and in 2001 he became a Fellow of the British Royal Society. Berners-Lee also received the Japan Prize in 2002 and in that same year shared the Asturias Award with fellow Internet pioneers Lawrence Roberts, Robert Kahn, and Vinton Cerf. In 2007 Berners-Lee received the Charles Stark Draper Prize of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering.
4. Find synonyms of the following words in the text:
large; to treat; appearing; across; complex; to manipulate; to cooperate/
5. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What was the reason for creating the World Wide Web?
2. When was the World Wide Web created?
3. What solution did T. Berners-Lee find?
4. How did the researches use the idea of a hypertext?
5. What is the main goal of the W3C?
6. How does T. Berners-Lee see the Web?
7. What is a ‘semantic’ Web?
8. What principle should become fundamental in the Net, according to T. Berners-Lee?
9. Does T. Berners-Lee have many awards and degrees? What are they?
6. Decide if the following sentences are true or false and correct the false ones:
1. The idea to create the World Wide Web appeared when researches tried to connect the dozens of computer systems and software from around the world.
2. To desing the first Web pages T. Berners-Lee had to create a hypertext.
3. In 1994 T. Berners-Lee founded the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
4. T. Berners-Lee thinks that if the Web becomes an open-ended knowledge system it will be much easier to use.
5. A ‘semantic’ Web would allow human beings and machines to interract effectively.
6. T. Berners-Lee believes that the priority given to the material in the Net should depend on its content and origin.
7. Complete the following sentences using the information in the text:
1. In _____ Tim Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web while working at _____, the _____ European physics research institute.
2. Each system that researches tried to connect _____ a specialized _____ _____.
3. Berners-Lee decided to _____ traditional database systems and to _____ text as _____ with the URL.
4. The World Wide Web used the _____ Internet to provide nearly _____ _____.
5. Nowadays Tim Berners-Lee works on developing _____ that would _____ the user to make final decisions about information in the Net.
6. The scientist is also interested in creating a _____ _____ that would help _____ _____ and _____ to actively collaborate.
7._____ _____ of information should be a fundamental democratic principle in the Net today.