Тема 4: Фундаменты, основания

1. Понятие о искусственных и естественных основаниях. Требования к естественным основаниям. Краткая характеристика грунтов.

2. Требования к фундаментам. Глубина их заложения. Классификация фундаментов по конструктивным схемам, материалу, характеру работы, глубины заложения.

3. Конструктивное решение сплошных и прерывистых ленточных фундаментов из сборных элементов. Устройство фундаментов на осадочных грунтах. Столбчатые фундаменты, область их применения, конструктивные решения. Фундаментные блоки их назначение.

4. Фундаменты из сплошных плит, область их применения. Свайные фундаменты. Область их применения, классификация их по материалу, характеру работы, конструктивным решениям, глубины заложения. Фундаменты из забивных и набивных свай. Ростверк. Его конструктивное решение.

5. Гидроизоляция подвалов и подполий от грунтовых вод и грунтовой сырости. Отмостки и приямки. Их конструктивное решение.

 

Основанием ___________________________________________________________________

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Естественные основания – _______________________________________________________

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Искусственные основания – _______________________________________________________

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- ______________________________________________________________________________

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- ______________________________________________________________________________

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- ______________________________________________________________________________

Пучинистость – ________________________________________________________________

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- _____________________________________________________________________________

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В качестве оснований могут быть использованы различные грунты:

- скальные – ____________________________________________________________________

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- крупнообломочные – ____________________________________________________________

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- песчанистые. _________________________________________________________________

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- глинистые, ____________________________________________________________________

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- лессовидные ___________________________________________________________________

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- насыпные, ____________________________________________________________________

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Выбор основания производится исходя из инженерно-геологических изысканий.

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Рис. 4.1. Пример оформления геологического разреза

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Искусственные основания получают путем

- ______________________________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________________________

 

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Фундамент – ___________________________________________________________________

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Фундаменты подвергаются влиянию внешних воздействий как силовых так и не силовых.

Силовые: нагрузка от массы здания и грунта, отпор грунта, силы пучения, вибрации и так далее.

Не силовые: переменные температуры, влажность, воздействие химических веществ, деятельность грибков и бактерий.

Рис. 4.2 Внешние воздействия на фундамент.
1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

7 – ____________________________________________________________________________

8 и 9 – _________________________________________________________________________

10 – ___________________________________________________________________________

 

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Фундаменты можно классифицировать:

по характеру работы на:

- ______________________________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________________________

по материалу на: ________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________

по способу производства:

- ______________________________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________________________

по глубине заложения:

- ______________________________________________________________________________

- ______________________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.3. Глубина заложения фундамента

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Рис. 4.4. Определение глубины заложения фундаментов

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

7 – ____________________________________________________________________________

8 – ____________________________________________________________________________

9 – ____________________________________________________________________________

hф – ___________________________________________________________________________

b – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

По конструктивной схеме фундаменты подразделяются на:

 

Рис. 4.5. Конструктивные схемы фундаментов

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

г – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

- ленточные, ___________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.6. Поперечные сечения ленточных фундаментов

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

г – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

h – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

-столбчатые, __________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.7. Столбчатые фундаменты

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

7 – ____________________________________________________________________________

8 – ____________________________________________________________________________

9 – ____________________________________________________________________________

10 – ___________________________________________________________________________

11 – ___________________________________________________________________________

 

- сплошные или плитные, _________________________________________________________

 

Рис. 4.8. Сплошной фундамент

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

- свайные, ______________________________________________________________________

 

Рис. 4.9. Свайные фундаменты

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

Ленточные фундаменты.

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Рис. 4.10 Конструкция ленточных фундаментов

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Рис. 4.11. Блок-подушки

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Рис. 4.12. Фундаментные блоки стен.

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Рис. 4.13. Сопряжение фундаментов продольных и поперечных стен

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Рис. 4.14. Ленточные фундаменты из блок-подушек и фундаментных стеновых блоков

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Рис. 4.15. Устройство фундаментов

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Рис. 4.16. Устройство уступов

а – общий вид;

б – фрагмент фундамента.

Столбчатые фундаменты.

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Рис. 4.17. Каменные столбы
а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – __________________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

7 – ____________________________________________________________________________

8 – ____________________________________________________________________________

9 – ____________________________________________________________________________

10 – ___________________________________________________________________________

11 – ___________________________________________________________________________

12 – ___________________________________________________________________________

Рис. 4.18. Столбчатые фундаменты

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

 

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Рис. 4.19. Столбчатые фундаменты под отдельно стоящие колонны

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

 

Сплошные фундаменты _________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.20. Сплошные фундаментные плиты

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

Свайные фундаменты __________________________________________________________

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Конструкции свайных фундаментов классифицируют:

- по характеру работы___________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.21. Свайные фундаменты

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

 

- по роду материала______________________________________________________________

- по глубине заложения: __________________________________________________________

- по конструктивным решениям; __________________________________________________

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Забивные _______________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.22. Фундаменты из забивных свай

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

г – ____________________________________________________________________________

д – ____________________________________________________________________________

е – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6,7 – __________________________________________________________________________________

Набивные ______________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.23. Фундаменты из набивных свай

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Рис. 4.24. Размещение свай

 

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

г – ____________________________________________________________________________

д – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

7 – ____________________________________________________________________________

8 – ____________________________________________________________________________

9 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Ростверк – _____________________________________________________________________

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Гидроизоляция

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Рис. 4.25. Подземные этажи

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Горизонтальная гидроизоляция (ГГИ)устраивается в двух уровнях:

Первый – ______________________________________________________________________

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Второй – _______________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.26. Горизонтальная гидроизоляция

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

Вертикальная гидроизоляция (ВГИ) ______________________________________________

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Рис. 4.27. Гидроизоляция фундаментов при расположении грунтовых вод ниже подошвы

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ___________________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

Рис. 4.28. Гидроизоляция фундаментов при напоре грунтовых вод

а – ____________________________________________________________________________

б – ____________________________________________________________________________

в – ____________________________________________________________________________

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

7 – ____________________________________________________________________________

8 – ____________________________________________________________________________

9 – ____________________________________________________________________________

10 – ___________________________________________________________________________

 

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Отмостка– ___________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.29. Отмостка

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Приямок– _____________________________________________________________________

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Рис. 4.30. Отмостка и приямок

1 – ____________________________________________________________________________

2 – ____________________________________________________________________________

3 – ____________________________________________________________________________

4 – ____________________________________________________________________________

5 – ____________________________________________________________________________

6 – ____________________________________________________________________________

 

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Домашнее задание: §4, стр.30-37, конспект.