Mathematical signs, symbols and abbreviations
+
—
±
X
:
( )
{}
[ ]
~
a=b
a  b
a  b
a ± b
a > b
a » b
a<b
a2>ad
x  
a  b
p = q
a'
a"
a'"
ā
a1
a2
an
90°
10//
a + b=c
(a + b)2
4+7=11
12>5+5
5+5<12
с— b=a
(2x—y)
| plus minus plus or minus sign of multiplication, multiplication sign sign of division, division sign round brackets; parentheses curly brackets; braces square brackets; brackets approaches, equivalent, similar is approximately equal a equals b; a is equal to b a is not equal to b; ais not b a approximately equals b a plus or minus b a is greater than b a is substantially greater than b a is less than b a second is greater than a d-th x tends to infinity a is greater than or equals b p is identically equal to q a prime a double prime, a second prime a triple prime a vector; the mean value of a a) a first b) a sub one c) a suffix one a) a second b) a sub two c) a suffix two a) a nth b) a sub n c) a suffix n ninety degrees ten seconds, also ten inches a plus b is c a plus b equals с a plus b is equal to c a plus b makes с a plus b all squared four plus seven is eleven four plus seven equals eleven four plus seven is equal to eleven twelve is greater than five plus five five plus five is less than twelve с minus b is a с minus b equals a с minus b is equal to a с minus b leaves a bracket two x minus у close the bracket |
| 18—6=12 1Х1=1 2X2=4 5Х5 =25 | eighteen minus six is equal to twelve eighteen minus six equals twelve eighteen minus six is twelve eighteen minus six leaves twelve once one is one twice two is four twice two makes four five times five is twenty five five multiplied by five equals twenty five five by five is equal to twenty five |
a = 
| a is equal to the ratio of e to 1 |
 =ab
| ab square (divided) by b equalsab |
 =0
| a) a divided by infinity is infinitely small |
| X plus minus square root of x square minus y square all over y |
| 16:4=4 | sixteen divided by four isfour sixteen by four equals four sixteen by four is equal tofour the ratio of sixteen to four is four |
20 : 5=16 : 4
 = 
| the ratio of twenty to five equals to the ratio of sixteen to four |
| 1 :2 | the ratio of one to two |
| 51 : 1 | the ratio of fifty one to оne |
| 2 : 3= 4:6 | two to three is as four to six |
| 1/2 | a (one) half |
| 1/3 | a (one) third |
| 1/4 | a (one) quarter, a (one) fourth |
| 2/3 | two thirds |
| 3/4 | three quarters; three fourth |
| 5/6 | five sixths |
| 25/57 | twenty five fifty sevenths |
| 2 1/2 | two and a half |
| 3 3/4 | three and three quarters |
| 1/273 | one two hundred and seventy |
| 0.5 .5 | o [ou] point five zero point five nought point five point five one half |
| 0.002 .002 | о [ou] point о [ou] о [ou] two zero point zero zero two point two oes [ouz]two point two noughts two |
| 0.0000001 | o[ou]point six noughts one |
| 1.1 | one point one |
| 2.1 | two point one two |
| 15.505 | Fifteen point five nought five |
| 2.12 | Two point one two |
| x2 | a)x square; x squared b) the square of x c) the second power of x d) x raised to the second power e) x to the second power |
| 42=16 | a)the second power of fouris sixteen b) four squared is sixteen |
| у3 | а) у cube, у cubed b) the cube of у c) the third power of у d) у raised to the third power e) у to the third power |
| 33 =27 | the cube of three is twenty seven |
| a5 | a to the n-th power a raised to the fifth power |
| an | a to the n-th power a to the n-th power |
| y-10 | у to the minus tenth power |
 = 4
| the square root of sixteen is four |
| the square root of a |
 =3
| the cube root of twenty seven is three |
| the cube root of a |
 =2
| the fourth root of sixteen istwo |
| the fifth root of a square |
 = 
| alpha equals the square rootof capital R square plus x square |
| the square root of 7 first plus capital A ,divided by two xa double prime |
| a) dz over dx b) the first derivative of z with respect to x |
| a) the second derivative of у with respect to x b) d two у over d x square |
| m ∫ n | a) the integral from n to m b) integral between limits n and m |
| tan r | Tangent r |
| Log 2 | The logarithm of two |
| logcd | Logarithm of d to the base c |
| The integral of dy divided by the square root out of c square minus y square |
APPENDIX 2
Greek Alphabet
| Αα | Alpha | [`life] |
| Ββ | Beta | [`bi:tə] |
| Γγ | Gamma | [`gæmə] |
| Δδ | Delta | [`deltə] |
| Εε | Epsilon | [`epsilən] |
| Ζζ | Zeta | [`zi:tə] |
| Ηη | Eta | [`i:tə] |
| Θθ | Theta | [`θi:tə] |
| Ιι | Iota | [ai`outə] |
| Κκ | Kappa | [`kæpə] |
| Λλ | Lambda | [`læmdə] |
| Μμ | Mu | [mju:] |
| Νν | Nu | [nju:] |
| Ξξ | Xi | [ksi:] |
| Οο | Omicron | [`omikrən] |
| Ππ | Pi | [pai] |
| Ρρ | Rho | [rεu] |
| Σσ | Sigma | [`sigmə] |
| Ττ | Tau | [tau] |
| Υυ | Phi | [fai] |
| Φφ | Chi | [kai] |
| Χχ | Upsilon | [`Λpsilən] |
| Ψψ | Psi | [psai] |
| Ωω | Omega | [`əumigə] |
APPENDIX 3
Units and Dimensions
APPENDIX 4
REPORT
When we make a report we divide it into three parts:
- introduction
- main body
- conclusion
In the introduction we clearly state the purpose of the report.
In the main body we present each main topic in a new paragraph with an appropriate heading. We discuss the positive and negative aspects (if there any of each feature).
In the conclusion we give our overall impression and make our recommendation.
Use the following as phrase-openings:
Ø I would like to tell/say/speak …
Ø Let me say some/a few words/ideas about …
Ø I need/have to point out that …
Ø The problem(s) I want to tell about concern(s) …
Ø As far as I know …
Ø Finally/In the end I must/shall mention
PRESENTATION
Include these four parts into your presentation:
1.Introducing yourself
2.Preparing the audience
3.Delivering the message
4.Winding up
Use the following phrases:
· Good afternoon.
· First, let me introduce myself: I’m …….. from
· The problem(s) I want to tell about concern(s) …
· I’ll begin by describing ………., and go on to ……….., and I’ll end with………… .
· I would like to tell/say/speak …
· Feel free to interrupt if you have any questions.
· Let me say some/a few words/ideas about …
· I need/have to point out that …
· I’d like to talk about ………
· First of all ………… Next …………
· I’d like now to turn to ………..
· I want to stress ……..
· At this point we have to bear in mind ………..
· Now, to change a subject for a moment …
· To return to the point I made earlier …..
· Before I finish, I’d like to run through the main points again …
· In conclusion ………
· Finally/In the end I must/shall mention …
· That brings me to the end of my presentation.
· Thank you for your attention.
· If you have any questions, I’ll be glad to answer them
Use visual aids such as chart, drawings and equations.
Be ready to answer the questions of the audience after your presentation.
REFERENCES
1.Britannica: Encyclopedia, 2008
2.E.R. Huggins. Physics 2000. Dartmouth College, 2000
3.Jeremy I. Pfeffer, Shlomo Nir. Modern Physics. An Introductory Text: Imperial College Press, 2000
4.Macmillan Encyclopedia of Energy, 2001
5.Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory, v.1. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, 1993
6.Physics 2. Cambridge
7.iaea.org