SOUNDS IN THE FLOW OF SPEECH

LESSON 1

THE PRODUCTION OF SPEECH

THE SOUNDS OF SPEECH

SOUNDS AND PHONEMES

VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

DEFINITIONS

allophone -one of the slightly different ways that a phoneme can be pronounced.

consonant -a speech sound made by stopping all or some of the air going out of your mouth. A letter of the alphabet used as a symbol for a consonant. All the letters of the English alphabet are consonants except for 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', and 'u', which are vowels.

diphthong -a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it starts as one vowel sound and goes to another, like the oy sound in oil .

diphthongoids -in the pronunciation of diphthongoids the articulation is slightly changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not distinct as it is in the case of diphthongs.

glottal sound - one that you make in speaking when you partly or completely stop air as it passes through the throat.

glottal stop - a sound made by stopping air as it passes through your throat. In some varieties of spoken English a glottal stop is often used instead of a 't' sound in the middle or at the end of a word.

glottis - the part of your throat where your larynx joins your pharynx, between your vocal cords.

larynx - the organ in your throat that contains your vocal cords, which produce sounds.

lung - one of the two organs in your chest that fill with air when you breathe.

monophthong -a single, pure vowel sound.

obstruction -something that blocks a path, passage, door etc so that it is difficult or impossible for someone or something to move along or through it.

oesophagus - the tube in your body that carries food from your mouth to your stomach.

palate - the inside upper part of your mouth. The front, harder part is your hard palate, and the back, softer part is your soft palate.

pharynx - the part of your throat that leads from your mouth to your oesophagus.

phoneme -an individual speech sound that makes one word different from another.

rim - the edge of an open container or circular object.

utter -to say something; to make a sound.

uvula - the piece of flesh (плоти) that hangs down at the back of your mouth.

vocal cords - the very thin muscles inside your throat that you use for making sounds.

vowel -a sound that you make when you speak without closing your mouth or throat. One of the letters 'a', 'e', 'i', 'o', or 'u', used for representing these sounds. In English, 'y' is sometimes considered to be a vowel.

wind­pipe - the tube in your body that carries air into your lungs from your nose or mouth.

English has 12 monophthongs: [i:], [i], [e], [æ], [u], [u:], [o:], [o], [a:], [a], [e:], [], of them 2: [i:] and [u:] are diphthongoids and 8 diphthongs: [ei], [ai], [oi], [au], [u], [i], [e], [u].

LESSON 2

SOUNDS IN THE FLOW OF SPEECH

SOUNDS IN THE FLOW OF SPEECH

ASSIMILATION

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE

WORD STRESS

LESSON 3

CONNECTED SPEECH

INTONATION

LESSON 4

CONSONSNTS

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONSNTS ON THE DEGREE OF NOISE

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS ON THE MANNER OF ARTICULATION

CLASSIFICATION OF CONSONANTS ON THE PLACE OF ARTICULATION

LESSON 5

INTONATION

THE LINGUISTIC FUNCTION OF INTONATION

THE STRUCTURE OF INTONATION PATTERNS

LESSON 6

VOWELS

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

LESSON7

REDUCTION

THE PHENOMENON OF REDUCTION

TYPES OF REDUCTION

LESSON 9

PHONOSTYLISTICS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

STYLISTIC USE OF INTONATION