Сослагательное наклонение в условных предложениях
Сослагательное наклонение выражает возможность, нереальность, предположительность действия. Изъявительное наклонение.
//1 learn his address I shall write to him. — Если я узнаю его адрес, я ему напишу. Сослагательное наклонение:
If J knew his address I would write to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (сейчас), я написал бы ему (сейчас или в ближайшем будущем). Глагол в придаточном предложении — в форме Past Indefinite, в главном — в форме Future in the Past.
В случае, если действие, описываемое сослагательным наклонением, относится к прошедшему времени,
в главном предложении используется форма будущего совершенного с точки зрения прошедшего Future Perfect in the Past, а в придаточном — прошедшее совершенное Past Perfect.
if J had known his address I would have written to him. — Если бы я знал его адрес (в прошлом), я написал бы ему (в прошлом же).
J wish I lived not far from here, (настоящее время). — Жаль, что я не живу поблизости.
/ wish I had lived not far from here (прошедшее время). — Жаль, что я не жил поблизости.
Exercise 9.6. Translate into Russian:
1. If I came later I would be late for the lesson. 2. If he had known the time-table he wouldn't have missed the train. 3. It would be better if you learned the oral topics. 4. I wish I had known this before the examination. 5. I would have come to you if you had not lived so far away. 6. If I had seen you yesterday I would have given you my text-book. 7. If I were in your place I wouldn't buy the tickets beforehand. 8. If I had known that you needed help I would have helped you.
Exercise 9.7. Translate into English:
Если бы я знал, что она не придет, я бы никогда не покупал букет красных роз.
Если бы я был преподавателем, я бы поставил всем студентам хорошие оценки на экзамене.
Если бы я знал ее телефон, я бы позвонил ей вчера.
Если бы летняя экзаменационная сессия была в мае, я бы мог уже купаться в Черном море.
Если бы я купил компьютер, я написал бы курсовую работу быстрее.
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Part II
Classics of Psychology
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Unit 1
Unit 1
History of psychology: The Beginnings of psychology
Ernst weber
Ernst Weber (1795-1878) was born June 24 in Wit-temburg, Germany, the third of 13 children. He received his doctorate from the University of Leipzig in 1815, in physiology. He began teaching there after graduation, and continued until he retired in 1871.
His research was predominantly concerned with the senses of touch and kinesthesia (the experience of muscle position and movement). He was the first to clearly demonstrate the existence of kinesthesia, and showed that touch was actually a conglomerate sense composed of senses for pressure, temperature, and pain.
His chosen interests led him to certain techniques: First, there is the two-point threshold, which is a matter of measuring the smallest distance noticeable to touch, at various parts of the body. For example, the tongue had the smallest threshold (1 mm), and the back had the largest (60 mm).
A second technique involved kinesthesia: Just-noticeable difference is the smallest difference in weight a person is capable of perceiving through holding two things. He discovered that the just-noticeable difference was a constant fraction of the weights involved. If you are holding a 40 pound weight in one hand, you will be able to recognize that a 41 pound weight in the other hand is in fact different. But if it were a 20 pound weight, you could detect that a mere half pound difference. In other words, as regards weight, we could recognize a 1/40 difference, whatever the weights.
This is known as Weber's Law, and is the first such «law» relating a physical stimulus with a mental experience.
Custav fechner
Gustav Fechner was born April 1,1801. His father, a village pastor, died early in Gustav's childhood, so he, with his mother and brother, went to live with their uncle. In 1817, at the age of 16, he went off to study medicine at the University of Leipzig (were Weber was teach-ing)/lle received his MD degree in 1822 at the age of 21.
But his interests moved to physics and math, so he made his living tutoring, translating, and occasionally lecturing. After writing a significant paper on electricity in 1831, he was invited to become a professor of physics at Leipzig. There, he became friends with a number of people, including Wilhelm Wundt, and his interests moved again, this time to psychology, especially vision.
In 1840, he had a nervous breakdown, and he had to resign his position due to severe depression. His interests switched again, now to philosophy. Like many people at the time, he found Spinoza's double-aspectism convincing and found in panpsychism something akin to a personal religion.