Материал, который рекомендуется проработать перед выполнением контрольной работы
| Лексика уроков | Грамматика |
| Еда. В ресторане. | Пассивный залог |
| Моя будущая профессия | Условные предложения |
| Дом. Типы жилья. | Сослагательное наклонение |
| Лондон. Москва. Путешествия | Согласование времен |
| У врача |
A CLEAN BOMB
Neutron bombs are small, compact nuclear weapons. The atomic bombs in today’s arsenal kill people and destroy buildings and factories by heat and shock waves.
In a small bomb of one kiloton the effects of the shock wave and heat are much smaller in proportion to those of gamma and neutron radiation. So, a small neutron bomb kills by radiation. Its effect is limited, spreading 3 kilometers from the explosion itself. The explosion will mean that people will be bombarded by neutrons over a large area. Everyone in an area of 12 square kilometers will die from radiation unseen by the eye. A neutron from an atom goes through a living organism destroying everything in its way. A person receiving a heavy dose could die in a few minutes. A person getting just enough radiation to be fatal may not fall ill for 24 hours and can live for a month.
War strategists call the neutron bomb clean and humane only because it does not destroy buildings, machines and factories. It kills only people.
The Pentagon scientists worked on this weapon for more than 15 years. But this secret project became known because war planners are trying to move it from the laboratory and add it to their field arsenal.
The neutron bomb is not an improvement on the known nuclear weapons. It is a new weapon which sharply increases the possibility of a nuclear war. The danger of the neutron bomb lies in the fact that it can be used very easily. The use of the neutron bomb would result in a global nuclear war.
Because of a wide protest movement US President Carter said in April 1977, that he had decided not to make the bomb. But he left open the possibility of using it in the future. In October 1978, he announced that the US would start to make the components needed for the neutron bomb. Peace-loving people all over the world met his decision with demonstrations of protest.
2.Найдите в тексте 8 интернациональных слов и напишите, что они означают в русском языке.
3.Выпишите из текста предложения, поясняющие следующие высказывания:
1. The neutron bomb is a very dangerous weapon.
2. The work on the neutron bomb was kept secret.
3. People all over the world struggle against the new weapon.
4.Образуйте формы страдательного залога следующих глаголов: (to kill – to be killed)
To destroy, to receive, to meet, to increase
Составьте предложения в страдательном залоге, используя эти слова.
5.Найдите в тексте и выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов:
Нейтронная радиация, разрушать здания, работали над этим оружием, широкое движение протеста.
- Переведите, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений. (укажите тип условного предложения)
1.If you had brought me the book, I would have read it. 2. If he didn’t ring me up, I would not come. 3. If he hadn’t written to me, I wouldn’t have answered him. 4. When I get news I will call you. 5. I wish I had a tie to match my suit.
Вариант 2
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
THE LARGE SPACE TELESCOPE
American astronomers say that a reflector telescope with a mirror 305 centimeters in diameter could be put into orbit in the near future. It need not be as heavy as a telescope of the same kind on earth.
It will do its work automatically but will be visited by groups of men brought into orbit and back by spaceship. It is planned to orbit the Large Space Telescope at heights of between 650 and 1,000 kilometers. With good care, the LST will be in good working order for ten years, and possibly much longer. The telescope will be able to see things one-hundredth as bright as things seen to the biggest reflector telescope on earth. It will have the full electromagnetic spectrum to it. It can study the ultraviolet and infrared parts of the spectrum and notice things never possible before. It will be able to work at all times because bad weather will be no problem. Even the near presence of the sun will not stop it from watching the stars.
It is, of course, impossible to say what the LST may discover. We can be very sure, though, that the Large Space Telescope will help to learn much more about the evolution of the stars than we know now. The LST will keep its eye on distant galaxies, too, galaxies a thousand million and more light-years away in space. It may make it possible for us to get the information we need to choose among the many theories about the Universe. It may help us to learn more about the events of the Universe and about black holes.
It may in this way tell us how the Universe began. We may even learn what came before the beginning and whether there was an earlier end.
2.Найдите в тексте 5 интернациональных слов и напишите, что они означают в русском языке.
3.Выпишите из текста предложения, поясняющие следующие высказывания
1. It will be difficult to get to the telescope.
2. The new telescope will see many more things than a telescope of the same kind on earth.
3. It may help us to learn more about the Universe.
4.Образуйте формы страдательного залога следующих глаголов: (to kill – to be killed)
To launch, to allow, to use, to send
Составьте предложения в страдательном залоге, используя эти слова.
5.Найдите в тексте и выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов
В ближайшем будущем, таким образом, все время, мы можем быть уверены
6.Переведите, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений. (укажите тип условного предложения)
1. If I were you, I would have apologized to you. 2. You wouldn’t have so many accidents if you drove more slowly. 3. If he were in, he would answer the telephone. 4. I will help you if I have time. 5. If you passed your examination, we would have a celebration.
Вариант 3
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык
OIL AND GAS FROM COAL
For both political and economic reasons sooner or later many countries will be using coal much more than in the past. Coal is not the ideal fuel because it is not liquid and because it usually burns less cleanly than oil or gas. More than that, coal-driven locomotives and ships have almost disappeared from the scene and coal can hardly serve as a fuel for motor transport.
In the simplest form the conversion of coal into oil or gas is little more than adding hydrogen (H2)to the coal. The hydrogen is taken from water in the form of steam.
It follows that every conversion process must include a gasification step, in which the coal reacts with steam. The aim is not to get gas for use in homes but to make gas. This gas can be changed with more steam to get more of the hydrogen needed to convert coal into oil and hydrocarbon gas. All conversion processes give a combination of hydrocarbon gases, including methane, which can be used instead of natural gas.
The simplest of the four main processes for converting coal into oil is carbonization or heating coal in the absence of air. The heat makes the coal give off gas. Carbonization is done at from atmospheric pressure to 70 atmospheres. Though this process allows to get oil and gas, it is not economically practical for getting oil.
The second conversion process is hydrogenation. In this process coal reacts with hydrogen at high pressure, usually in the presence of a catalyst.
All systems and methods of hydrogenation require high temperature and pressures from 140 to 280 kilograms per square centimeter. A lower pressure and a shorter time for reaction limit the reaction between the coal and the hydrogen and results in heavy fractions. A higher pressure and a longer time for reaction result in higher fractions.
2.Найдите в тексте 6 интернациональных слов и напишите, что они означают в русском языке.
3.Выпишите из текста предложения, поясняющие следующие высказывания
1. Man has used coal as fuel for many years.
2. The conversion of coal into oil or gas is a simple process.
3. There are four main conversion processes.
4. Pressure is important in all the conversion processes.
4.Образуйте формы страдательного залога следующих глаголов: (to kill – to be killed)
To add, to bring, to convert, to give
Составьте предложения в страдательном залоге, используя эти слова.
5.Найдите в тексте и выпишите английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов
Политические и экономические причины, в виде (форме) пара, вступает в реакцию с паром, атмосферное давление, все системы и методы
6.Переведите, обращая внимание на перевод условных предложений (укажите тип условного предложения)
1. When the work is ready it will be presented at the meeting. 2. What would happen if I pressed the button? 3. I would not have taken your umbrella if I had known that it was the only one you had. 4. If he knew that it were dangerous he would not come. 5. He would have been the best student if he had worked better.
Вариант 4
1.Прочтите и переведите на русский язык