Chapter 6 Operating Systems 97
Mark Edward Soper
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Indianapolis, Indiana 46240 USA
CompTIA® A+ Quick Reference (220-801 and 220-802)
Copyright © 2013 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-5022-8
ISBN-10: 0-7897-5022-8
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First Printing: July 2012
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction
Chapter 1: Hardware
Chapter 2: Networking
Chapter 3: Laptops
Chapter 4: Printers
Chapter 5: Operational Procedures
Chapter 6: Operating Systems
Chapter 7: Security
Chapter 8: Mobile Devices
Chapter 9: Troubleshooting
Index
iv CompTIA A+ Quick Reference
Table of Contents
Introduction xv
Chapter 1 Hardware(Аппаратное обеспечение)
CPUs (Центральные процессоры)
| 32-Bit Versus 64-Bit CPUs (32-х и 64-х битная версии ЦП) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Clock Rate | (Тактовая частота) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cores and Cache (Ядра и кэш-память) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hyperthreading (Гиперпараллельность - способность процессора к параллельному выполнению двух приложений) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Virtualization Support (Виртуальная поддержка) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Integrated Graphics (GPU) (Интегрированная графика) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CPU Interfaces and Socket Types (CPU-интерфейс и виды соединителей, сокетов (конечный элемент соединения) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CPU Cooling Methods (Способы охлаждения ЦП) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| System Memory (Системная память) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dual-Channel and Triple-Channel Memory (Двуканальная и трехканальная память) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Types of RAM (Другие типы ОЗУ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| VRAM and Virtual RAM (Video Random-Access Memory – видеопамять (видеобуфер) и виртуальное ОЗУ) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Parity and ECC (Четность и Error Correction Coding - кодирование с исправлением ошибок) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| BIOS | (Binary Intelligence Override System - базовая система ввода/вывода, необходимая для первоначальной загрузки компьютера, тестирования аппаратных средств и загрузки операционной системы) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Motherboards (Материнские платы) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Form Factors | (фактор формы) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Expansion Cards and Slots (плата расширения и слоты) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Adapter Cards and Integrated Ports (адаптерные платы и итегрированные порты) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Integrated Ports (итегрированные порты) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Daughter Boards and Riser Boards (дочерние платы и вертикальные распределительные стояки) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Storage Devices (устройства хранения) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic and Solid-State Drives ( магнитный и твердотельный накопитель (SSD - перезаписываемое запоминающее устройство без движущихся частей) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Optical Drives CD/DVD/RW/Blu-ray (оптический накопитель – болванка) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Installing SATA, PATA, and SCSI Drives (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment - интерфейс для подключения внешних устройств в AT-совместимых компьютерах; интерфейс стандарта ATA) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RAID | (Redundant Array of Independent Disks (Избыточный массив независимых дисков. Способ хранения данных разместив их на нескольких дисков, с целью страховки сохранения информации) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Media Cards (медиакарты) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other Storage Devices (устройства хранения информации) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cooling (охлаждение) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Power Supplies | (источники питания) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Contents v
| Monitors and Display Resolutions 33 | ||
| CRTs | ||
| LCDs | ||
| Other Display Devices 34 | ||
| Display Connectors | ||
| Multiple Displays 35 | ||
| I/O Devices 35 | ||
| Mice and Keyboards | ||
| Speakers and Microphones 35 | ||
| Video-Input Devices | ||
| Other I/O Devices |
| Custom System Configurations 36 | ||||||
| Chapter 2 | Networking | |||||
| Network Cables and Connectors and Their Characteristics 39 | ||||||
| Fiber-Optic Cables and Connectors | ||||||
| Ethernet Twisted-Pair Cabling and Connectors 40 | ||||||
| Coaxial Network Cables and Connectors | ||||||
| TCP/IP Addressing | ||||||
| TCP/IP v4 Class A, B, and C Addresses | ||||||
| IPv4 Versus IPv6 | ||||||
| Public, Private, and APIPA IP Addresses | ||||||
| Static and Dynamic IP Addresses | ||||||
| DHCP | ||||||
| Subnet Mask 47 | ||||||
| Gateway | ||||||
| TCP and UDP Ports, Protocols, and Uses 48 | ||||||
| DNS | ||||||
| DHCP | ||||||
| LDAP | ||||||
| SNMP | ||||||
| SMB | ||||||
| SSH | ||||||
| SFTP | ||||||
| TCP Versus UDP | ||||||
| Wireless Networks |
vi CompTIA A+ Quick Reference
| Installing and Configuring a SOHO Router | ||||||||||
| Internet Connection Types and Features | ||||||||||
| Cable | ||||||||||
| DSL | ||||||||||
| Dial-Up | ||||||||||
| Fiber | ||||||||||
| Satellite | ||||||||||
| ISDN | ||||||||||
| Cellular (Mobile Hotspot) | ||||||||||
| Line-of-Sight Wireless Internet Service | ||||||||||
| WiMAX | ||||||||||
| Network Types | ||||||||||
| Network Topologies | ||||||||||
| Network Devices | ||||||||||
| Using Networking Tools 59 | ||||||||||
| Chapter 3 | Laptops | |||||||||
| Install and Configure Laptop Hardware and Components 61 | ||||||||||
| Expansion Options | ||||||||||
| Hardware Device Replacement | ||||||||||
| Laptop Display Components | ||||||||||
| Display Types (LCD, LED, OLED, Plasma) 76 | ||||||||||
| Other Laptop Display Components | ||||||||||
| Wi-Fi Antenna Components 77 | ||||||||||
| Compare and Contrast Laptop Features | ||||||||||
| Special Function (Fn) Keys | ||||||||||
| Docking Station Versus Port Replicator | ||||||||||
| Physical Laptop Lock and Cable Lock | ||||||||||
| Chapter 4 | Printers | |||||||||
| Laser | ||||||||||
| Inkjet | ||||||||||
| Thermal | ||||||||||
| Impact Printer 86 | ||||||||||
| Printer Installation and Connections | ||||||||||
| Network Printing | ||||||||||
| Printer Maintenance |
Contents vii
| Chapter 5 | Operational Procedures | |||||
| Safety Procedures | ||||||
| Preventing Electrostatic Discharge 91 | ||||||
| Electrical Shock Protection 92 | ||||||
| Lifting and Moving Equipment Safely | ||||||
| Fighting Electrical Fires Safely | ||||||
| Safe Disposal of CRT Displays | ||||||
| Cable Management | ||||||
| Installation Regulations | ||||||
| Environmental Impacts and Environmental Controls 94 | ||||||
| MSDS 94 | ||||||
| Temperature, Humidity, and Air Management 94 | ||||||
| Component Handling and Protection | ||||||
| Communication and Professionalism | ||||||
| Dealing with Prohibited Content/Activity | ||||||
| First Response | ||||||
| Documentation | ||||||
| Chain of Custody |
Chapter 6 Operating Systems 97
OS Concepts 97
Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows 7 Features and Requirements 98
| Minimum System Requirements | ||||
| Differences in Windows Editions | ||||
| UAC and the Administrator Account | ||||
| Windows Compatibility Mode 104 | ||||
| Directory Structures 104 | ||||
| Registry 105 | ||||
| Upgrade Options | ||||
| Determining Compatibility | ||||
| Windows Installation and Configuration Options 108 | ||||
| Boot Methods to Use for Installation | ||||
| Installation Types | ||||
| Partitioning the Drive for Windows | ||||
| File Systems 109 | ||||
| Third-Party Disk Drivers |
viii CompTIA A+ Quick Reference
| Network Settings | ||||||||
| Time/Date/Region/Language Settings | ||||||||
| Installing Other Windows Drivers and Updating Windows | ||||||||
| Factory Recovery Partition | ||||||||
| OS Repair and Adding Services | ||||||||
| Command-Line Tools | ||||||||
| Operating System Features and Tools | ||||||||
| Control Panel Utilities | ||||||||
| Common Control Panel Settings | ||||||||
| Control Panel Options Unique to Windows XP and Vista | ||||||||
| Control Panel Options Unique to Windows 7 | ||||||||
| Windows Client Networking | ||||||||
| Windows Network Types | ||||||||
| Joining a Network | ||||||||
| Mapping Drives | ||||||||
| Connecting to a Network | ||||||||
| Proxy Settings 124 | ||||||||
| Remote Desktop Connection 124 | ||||||||
| Home, Work, and Public Network Settings 125 | ||||||||
| Firewall Settings | ||||||||
| Configuring IP Addresses in Windows | ||||||||
| Configuring Network Card Properties in Windows 126 | ||||||||
| Preventive Maintenance of Windows Installations | ||||||||
| Operating System Security Settings | ||||||||
| Users and Groups | ||||||||
| NTFS Permissions | ||||||||
| Share Permissions | ||||||||
| System Files and Folders | ||||||||
| User Authentication | ||||||||
| Client-Side Virtualization | ||||||||
| Virtualization Resource Requirements | ||||||||
| Emulator Requirements and Features | ||||||||
| Security Requirements | ||||||||
| Network Requirements | ||||||||
| Understanding Hypervisors |
Contents ix
Chapter 7 Security 135
Common Prevention Methods 135
Physical Security 135
Digital Security 136
Security Best Practices for Workstation Security 141
Passwords 141
User Permissions and Guest Accounts 143
Disabling AutoPlay 143
Data Destruction and Disposal Methods 144
Formatting and Drive Overwriting 144
Drive Wiping 144
| Physical Disk Destruction 145 | ||||||
| Securing a SOHO Wireless Network | ||||||
| Securing a SOHO Wired Network | ||||||
| Chapter 8 | Mobile Devices 149 | |||||
| Mobile Operating Systems | ||||||
| Android (Open Source) | ||||||
| Apple iOS (Closed Source) | ||||||
| Getting Applications for Your Device | ||||||
| Adjusting the Screen Orientation | ||||||
| Apple Accelerometer and Gyroscope | ||||||
| Android Screen Calibration | ||||||
| Resetting the Device | ||||||
| GPS and Geotracking | ||||||
| Mobile Network Connectivity and Email Configuration 154 | ||||||
| Enable/Disable Connectivity | ||||||
| Wi-Fi Connections 155 | ||||||
| Bluetooth Connections | ||||||
| Email Configuration | ||||||
| Mobile Device Security | ||||||
| Laptop and Tablets: How They’re Different 158 | ||||||
| Mobile Device Synchronization |
x CompTIA A+ Quick Reference