Exercise 11. Analyze the sentences underlined in text A. Find main and subordinate clauses and define the type of the subordinate clause
Exercise 12. Translate the text without a dictionary:
Text B
CLUTCH
A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and disengages the power transmission, especially from a driving shaft to a driven one.
In the simplest application, clutches connect and disconnect two rotating shafts. In these devices one shaft is typically attached to an engine or other power unit (the driving member) while the other shaft (the driven member) provides output power for work.
The vast majority of clutches ultimately rely on frictional forces for their operation. The purpose of friction clutches is to connect a moving member to another that is moving at a different speed or stationary, often to synchronize the speeds or to transmit power. Usually, as little slippage as possible between the two members is desired.
Modern clutches typically use a compound organic resin with copper wire facing or a ceramic material. Ceramic materials are typically used in heavy applications such as racing or heavy-duty hauling, though the harder ceramic materials increase flywheel and pressure plate wear.
Modern clutch development focuses its attention on the simplification of the overall assembly and manufacturing method.
Notes:
flywheel – маховик сцепления
pressure plate – корзина сцепления, нажимной диск
hauling – буксировка, транспортирование
Exercise 13. Translate the text with a dictionary in written form:
Text С
ROLLER CHAINS
A roller chain or a bush roller chain is the type of chain most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power. It is simple, reliable, and efficient, but requires more attention to maintenance than may be desired by potential owners; therefore there has been a tendency towards the use of other modes of power transmission, such as a timing belt. Though Hans Renold invented a roller chain in 1880, sketches by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century show a chain with a roller bearing.
The roller chain design reduces friction compared to simpler designs, resulting in higher efficiency and less wear. The original power transmission chain varieties lacked rollers and bushings, with both the inner and outer plates held by pins which directly contacted the sprocket teeth; however this configuration exhibited extremely rapid wear of both the sprocket teeth, and the plates where they are pivoted on the pins. This problem was partiallysolved by the development of bushed chains, with the pins holding the outer plates passing through bushings or sleeves connecting the inner plates, thus distributing the wear over a greater area; however the teeth of the sprockets still wore more rapidly than is desirable from the sliding friction against the bushings. The addition of rollers surrounding the bushing sleeves of the chain and providing rolling contact with the teeth of the sprockets provided excellent resistance to wear of both sprockets and the chain as well as very low friction, provided that the chain is sufficiently lubricated.
Notes:
maintenance – эксплуатация, уход, текущий ремонт
sprocket – цепное или зубчатое колесо
sleeve – муфта, втулка
Unit 5
Grammar:
Participle;
Absolute Participle Construction.
Exercise 1. Work out the following sounds
[x] track, latter, travel, flat, caterpillar
[eI] crane, rail, main, make, stationary
[e] many, heavy, self, metal, them, overhead
Exercise 2. Match the transcription to the words given below and define their meanings:
| 1. ['steISqnqrI] | 1. extremely | 1. шина |
| 2. ['krLlq(r)] | 2. gantry | 2. портальный кран |
| 3. [kqn'strAkS(q)n] | 3. site | 3. удельный |
| 4. [Ik'strkJmlI] | 4. tyre | 4. строительный участок |
| 5. [rI'mRkqb(q)l] | 5. crawler | 5. крайне |
| 6. [spI'sIfIk] | 6. stationary | 6. гусеница |
| 7. ['gxntrI] | 7. construction | 7. башня |
| 8. ['taVq(r)] | 8. remarkable | 8. строительство |
| 9. [taIq(r)] | 9. specific | 9. неподвижный |
| 10. [saIt] | 10. tower | 10. отличающийся |
Text A
RUNNING GEAR
Cranes, power shovels and many other machines used in construction have to move during operation or when travelling to the site of work. Movement is the principal kind of functional operations of trucks, crawler and wheel tractors, self- propelled and towed equipment.
Machine running gear can be classified into rail and trackless, the latter being further subdivided into crawler- mounted and walking.
Machines that travel on rails are: railway jib cranes, self- dumping flat cars (dumpcars), tower building cranes, overhead and gantry cranes, monorail telphers, etc.
Crawler traction is remarkable for its small specific pressure on the ground. It is used mainly in the absence of roads, when high speeds of travel are not important. Crawler tracks are used in tractors, power shovels and different types of road- making machinery.
Wheel traction is most universally used when passability is of secondary importance. This type of running gear may be designed with rigid metal wheels or air tyres. Rigid wheels are employed for stationary machines, where wheels are needed only to move them over short distances.
Tyre-mounted wheels are the main type of trackless running gear.
Walking gear ensures a still lower specific pressure on the ground than caterpillar traction and can sustain besides very heavy vertical loads. It operates, however, at an extremely low speed. It finds application only in large power shovels.
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
1. What equipment has to move during operation?
2. What kinds can the machine running gear be classified into?
3. What machines travelling on rails do you know?
4. Where are crawler tracks used?
5. When is wheel traction most universally used?
6. What wheels may this type of traction be designed with?
7. What does walking gear ensure?
Exercise 4. Translate the following words into Russian:
Running gear, site, crawler, tow, equipment, rail, trackless, walking gear, jib crane, self-dumping, dumpcar, tower crane, overhead crane, gantry crane, monorail telpher, traction, tyre, caterpillar, stationary, employ, power shovel, sustain, rigid, be remarkable for, than, over, besides, however.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English:
Гусеница или гусеничный ход, ходовая часть, шина, строительный участок, тяга, буксировать, выдерживать, монорельсовый тельфер, жесткий, оборудование, портальный кран, рельс, мостовой кран, отличаться, безрельсовый, башенный кран, шагающее ходовое оборудование, опрокидывающаяся вагонетка или думпкар, кран-укосина, самоопрокидывающийся, неподвижный, использовать, экскаватор.
Exercise 6. Match the following words (A) with their definitions (B):
«A»
1. site
2. tow
3. dumpcar
4. tyre
5. dump
6. crane
7. equipment
8. specific
9. stationary
10. rigid
«B»
1. fixed, determined
2. a vehicle with a large movable container, used for carrying and emptying heavy loads
3. not easy to bend
4. to pull along by a rope or chain
5. standing still, not moving
6. a band of rubber, solid or filled with air that fits round the outside edge of a wheel
7. a set of things needed for a particular activity
8. a machine with a long movable arm, used for lifting and moving heavy objects
9. to drop or unload any material
10. a piece of ground for building on
Exercise 7. Form Participle 1 and Participle 2 and translate them according to the following patterns:
do:
P1 – doing – делающий, делая;
P2 – done – сделанный.
use:
P1 – using – использующий, используя;
P2 – used – использованный, используемый.
Attach, achieve, break, build, deliver, design, dig, drive, excavate, improve, know, mount, read, say, transmit, take, write.
Exercise 8. Define the functions of Participles and translate the following sentences:
1. People have used machines since early times.
2. They are installing the most modern equipment at their plant.
3. Gears transmit motion between a shaft and a component having linear motion.
4. Gears of different sizes are often used in pairs for a mechanical advantage, allowing the torque of the driving gear to produce a larger torque in the driven gear at lower speed or a smaller torque at higher speed.
5. When used in sets pulleys reduce the amount of force needed to lift a load.
6. If specially designed belts and pulleys transmit power between two points.
7. The demands for a belt drive transmission system are large and this has led to many variations.
8. The V-belt tends to wedge into the groove as the load increases, improving transmission and making the V-belt an effective solution.
9. Large cranes are being produced at our plant now.
Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to Absolute Participle Construction:
1. Loads being of different types, builders use various handling equipment for their transportation.
2. The piston goes forward, the wheel making half a turn.
3. The structure being very high, the builders used giant cranes.
4. The crane was used at the construction site, its lifting capacity being up to 50 tons.
5. The crane having been dismantled, the workers transported it to another place of work.
6. Steam was heated, its pressure becoming higher.
Exercise 10. Translate the following sentences paying attention to ed- forms:
1. The builders lifted concrete blocks by means of hoisting equipment.
2. The blocks lifted by hoisting equipment weighed up to 400 lb.
3. The blocks were lifted by means of hoisting equipment.
4. When lifted by the crane the blocks were carefully positioned.
5. They have already lifted the blocks.
6. A machine can be lifted with various attachments.
7. The framework mounted on a turntable supports the lifting mechanism.
8. A transfer box with high/low range produced a total 10 speeds in either direction.
9. If heated the mixture explodes.
10. The engineers had finished testing the device by the end of the week.
Exercise 11. Analyze the sentences underlined in Text A. Find Participles and define their function. Find the sentence with the Absolute Participle Construction and translate it properly.
Exercise 12. Translate the text without a dictionary:
Text B
ENGINE LUBRICATION SYSTEM
The purpose of lubrication is to reduce both friction and wear to the minimum. If moving parts are not separated by a film of lubricant the surface will rapidly wear away.
Friction is a force that reduces or stops motion of one surface over another. In many types of large diesels the pistons are provided with their own cooling system, the coolant being lubricating oil. The friction force depends on the nature of the surface and also on the kind of material. The rougher the surface and the softer the material, the greater the friction. The harder the material and the smoother the surface, the less the friction. The friction being great, the loss of power is greater. A great amount of friction is necessary in certain parts of the vehicle such as brakes, the clutch and other surfaces. It is impossible to eliminate the friction entirely.
The loss of power can be reduced to a minimum due to proper use of suitable lubricants.
The principal parts of the engine needing lubrication are the main crankshaft bearings, camshaft bearings, pistons and the cylinder walls.
Oil may be fed to a bearing in two ways. It may be delivered into an oil hole located above the bearing. From there it drains to the bearing surface. Or it may be fed directly to the bearing surface under pressure.
Notes:
lubricant – смазка, смазочное масло
film – тонкий слой
coolant – охлаждающая жидкость
piston – поршень
brake – тормоз
Exercise 13. Translate the text with a dictionary in written form:
Text С
A POWER SHOVEL
A power shovel also known as a stripping shovel or a front shovel as well as an electric mining shovel is a bucket-equipped machine, usually electrically powered, used for digging and loading earth or fragmented rock and for mineral extraction.
Shovels normally consist of a revolving deck with a power plant, driving and controlling mechanisms, usually a counterweight, and a front attachment, such as a crane or boom which supports a handle also called a dipper or dipper stick with a digger or bucket at the end. Dipper is also sometimes used to refer to the handle and digger combined. The machinery is mounted on a base platform with tracks or wheels. Modern bucket capacities range from 8 cu m to nearly 80 cu m.
Power shovels are used principally for excavation and removal of overburden in open-cut mining operations, though it may include loading of minerals, such as coal. They are the modern equivalent of steam shovels, and operate in a similar fashion.
The shovel operates using several main motions: hoist – pulling the bucket up through the bank (i.e. the bank of material being dug); crowd – moving the dipper handle out or in to control the depth of cut and when positioning to dump; swing – rotating the shovel between digging and dumping; propel – moving the shovel unit to different locations or dig positions.
A shovel's work cycle, or digging cycle, consists of four phases: digging, swinging, dumping, and returning.
The digging phase consists of crowding the dipper into the bank, hoisting the dipper to fill it, then retracting the full dipper from the bank. The swinging phase occurs once the dipper is clear of the bank both vertically and horizontally. The operator controls the dipper through a planned swing path and dump height until it is suitably positioned over the haul unit (e.g. truck). Dumping involves opening the dipper door to dump the load, while maintaining the correct dump height. Returning is when the dipper swings back to the bank, and involves lowering the dipper into the tuck position to close the dipper door.
In the 1950s with the demand for coal at a peak many coal companies turned to the cheaper methods of strip mining, and excavator
manufacturers started offering a new super class of power shovels, commonly called giant stripping shovels. Most were built between the 1950s and the 1970s. The world's first giant stripping shovel for the coal fields was the Marion 5760. Larger models followed the successful 5760, culminating in the mid 60s with the gigantic 15,000 ton Marion 6360, nicknamed The Captain.
Unit 6
Grammar:
Gerund.
Exercise 1. Work out the following sounds:
[eI] pave, break, excavate, replace, frame
[qV] backhoe, loader, both, almost, tow
[Iq] rear, material, area,engineering
Exercise 2. Match the transcription to the words given below and define their meanings:
| 1. ['bAkIt] | 1. check | 1. универсальность |
| 2. [vWsq'tIlItI] | 2. allow | 2. ковш |
| 3. [q'semblI] | 3. variation | 3. оборудование |
| 4. [sJt] | 4. seat | 4. заменять |
| 5. [I'kwIpmqnt] | 5. coupler | 5. агрегат |
| 6. [veqrI'eIS(q)n] | 6.equipment | 6. соединительное устройство |
| 7. [tSek] | 7. assembly | 7. допускать |
| 8. ['kAplq(r)] | 8. replace | 8. проверять |
| 9. [q'laV] | 9. bucket | 9.разнообразие |
| 10. [ri'pleIs] | 10.versatility | 10. сидение |
Text A
BACKHOE LOADER
A backhoe loader is an engineering vehicle, which consists of a tractor, a front shovel/bucket and a small backhoe in the rear. Due to its (relatively) small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in urban engineering and small construction projects (such as building a small house, fixing city roads, etc).
Invented in Burlington, Iowa in 1957 the Backhoe loader (note: this needs checking - may have been invented in the UK by Joseph Cyril Bamford, founder of JCB, whose first tractor equipped with both a backhoe and a front mounted loading bucket was completed in 1953) is probably the most common variation of the classic farm tractor. As the name implies, it has a loader assembly on the front and a backhoe on the back. When both the loader and the backhoe are permanently attached, it is almost never called a tractor and not generally used for towing.
When the backhoe is permanently attached, the machine usually has a seat that can swivel to the rear to face the hoe controls. Removable backhoe attachments almost always have a separate seat on the attachment itself.
Backhoe-loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks: construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials, powering building equipment, digging holes/excavating, breaking asphalt, and paving roads. The backhoe bucket can often be replaced with other tools such as a breaker for smashing concrete and rock. Some loader buckets have a retractable bottom, enabling them to empty their loads more quickly and efficiently.
Retractable-bottom loader buckets are also often used for grading and scratching off sand. The front assembly may be a removable or permanently mounted attachment. Often the bucket can be replaced with other devices or tools. The backhoe loader must be equipped with a tool coupler in order to mount different attachments to the loader. A tool coupler consists of two hydraulic cylinders on the end of the loader arm assembly which can extend and retract allowing different tools to be attached to the unit.
Their relatively small frame and precise control make backhoe-loaders very useful and common in urban engineering projects such as construction and repairs in areas too small for larger equipment. Their versatility and compact size make them one of the most popular urban construction vehicles.
Exercise 3. Answer the following questions:
1. What parts does a backhoe loader consist of?
2. Why are backhoe loaders very common in construction projects?
3. When and where was a backhoe invented?
4. What tasks can a backhoe be used for?
5. What attachment can a loader bucket be replaced with?
6. What makes a backhoe one of the most popular construction vehicles?
Exercise 4. Translate the following words into Russian:
Backhoe, bucket, rear, versatility, construction, invent, assembly, attach, seat, swivel, dig, break, pave, excavate, replace, empty, arm, frame, repair, construction project, attachment, grade, coupler, removable, expand, due to, such as, both … and, with, in order to, too.
Exercise 5. Translate from Russian into English:
Заменять, ремонтировать, обратная лопата, изобретать, стрела, ковш, мостить, крепить, сидение, рама, задняя сторона, высыпать, универсальность, сидение, выкапывать, строительство, агрегат, поворачиваться, разрушать, копать.
Exercise 6. Match the following words (A) with their definitions (B):
«A»
1. excavate
2. empty
3. assembly
4. bucket
5. invent
6. attach
7. swivel
8. repair
9. pave
10. loader
«B»
1. a part of a vehicle
2. to cover a path with a hard level surface
3. to put by removing from a container
4. a machine which puts heavy objects on or in a vehicle
5. to make a hole by digging
6. to turn round on a central point
7. an open container with a handle for carrying loose material
8. to restore to good condition, renovate
9. to connect to
10. to create by thought (method, instrument)
Exercise 7. Form gerunds and translate them:
Apply, boil, change, carry, complete, deliver, equip, expand, heat, invent, join, link, pave, repair, supply, tow, turn, travel, twist.
Exercise 8. Define the functions of Gerund and translate the sentences:
1. Before using the engine one should study the instructions.
2. Fuel vapour and air mixing takes place in a carburetter.
3. The principle of working of a steam engine is simple.
4. The information given in the report needs checking.
5. The advantage of any machine is developing much greater forces than those of a man.
6. Engines are the machines used for changing heat into motion.
7. Doing work on an object simply means transferring energy to that object from a man or a machine that does this work.
8. The function of hydraulic turbines is transforming the energy of water into electrical energy.
9. Engineers use various devices for testing building materials in their laboratories.
10. We know of new materials having been used in this structure.
Exercise 9. Translate the following sentences, paying attention to ing-forms (define the part of speech and function):
1. Backhoe loaders are very common in building small houses, fixing roads, etc.
2. Steam enters one end of a cylinder pushing the piston back.
3. There are some valves or openings in the steam chest.
4. The moving piston opens and closes the valves automatically.
5. Building materials can be natural or artificial.
6. Modern equipment is gradually replacing the old and less efficient one.
7. The information about inventing the backhoe loader in Burlington, Iowa in 1957 needs checking.
8. Digging holes, breaking asphalt and paving roads are some of the backhoe functions.
9. In some cases the axle may be fixed in position with a bearing.
10. We studied some interesting facts from the history of construction machinery.
11. A great achievement of Hans Renold was inventing a roller chain in 1880.
12. According to Plutarch, it was Archimedes who developed the first documented block and pulley system.
13. The piston going forward, the wheel makes half a turn.
14. The piston goes back, the wheel making the other half turn.