B) Read the following correctly paying attention to the rules of reading the vowels
| [a:] argon carbon charge farther harmful part particle path plant calm | [ L] absorb enormous form normally North portion spore stormy call cause small water | [i:] breathe feature extremely helium methane sea speak unique | [ W] burn earth exert inert person surface |
Ex. 2. Form the derivatives according to the models. Translate them into Russian.
Model A: N + -less → Adj.
taste – tasteless
air, breath, colour, cloud, feature, harm, life, odor, shape, use
Model B: N + -ful → Adj.
use → useful
harm, colour, tact, grace, hope, care, peace
Model C: Adj: + -ish → Adj.
red → reddish
blue, yellow, thin, thick, small, grey
Ex. 3. Group the following words. Explain the principles of this grouping.
Atmosphere; mixture; shape; gradually; stable; shapeless; evaporation; thin out; considerable; contains; scattered; enormous; presence; atmospheric; damage; measured; tasteless; electrically; charged; variable; press in; patterns; crushed; strongly; exerts; extremely; harmful; burning; registered; predominantly; composition.
Ex. 4. Match English and Russian equivalents.
| 1. unique features 2. exert pressure 3. to surround the earth 4. to make life possible 5. tasteless and odorless mixture 6. thin air 7. carbon dioxide 8. water vapour 9. the scattering of sunlight 10. to shape weather and climate patterns 11. the layer near the surface | a. водяной пар b. смесь, не имеющая вкуса и запаха c. разряженный воздух d. формировать модели погоды и климата e. рассеивание солнечного света f. двуокись углерода g. воздух у поверхности Земли h. окружать землю i. уникальные особенности (черты) j. оказывать давление k. делать жизнь возможной |
Ex. 5. Translate into Russian the following words, word combinations and sentences.
Average: average man, average height, average rate, to move at an average rate (speed), average size.
Body: body of a man, a strong body, heavenly body, a body of water, legislative body.
Burn: burn in the daytime, to burn one’s fingers, burning rays, burning question, burning shame, burnt gas.
Calm: calm air, calm day, calmly, calmness. Don’t worry, calm down!
Damage: to cause damage to, damaging effects, furniture damaged by fire; badly damaged.
Exert: to exert pressure, to exert influence, to exert all one’s energy, influence; to exert oneself to get a good mark in English.
Layer; surface layer, water layer, upper layers of the atmosphere, the atmosphere is divided into layers, layer-cake – Do you like a layer-cake “Napoleon”?
Level: sea level, at sea level, low level, level road, level life, to rise to higher levels.
Mix: to mix well, mixer – He is a good mixer; mixture, odorless mixture, oil is not mixed with water, the colours mix well. Do black and white mix? What colours do not mix?
Measure: to measure the pressure, to measure a person with one’s eye, measurement, to take measures. The house measures 60 feet long.
Push: to push a door, to push aside, pusher, to exert pressure by pushing.
Rise: to rise upward, sunrise. The sun rises in the east. The river rises in the mountains. An early riser – Are you an early riser?
Surround: to surround the earth. The trees surround the house. The surroundings of the city are beautiful.
Support: to support a family, to support life, to support air pressure, to give support to, to speak in support of, supporter.
Ex. 6. Say how the following phrases or statements are expressed in the text.
1. the envelope of air which surrounds the earth, consisting of a mixture of gases;
2. gas to which certain substances may be reduced by heat;
3. the pressure at a point due to the weight of the column of air above that point;
4. the lower layers of air, which are near the surface of the Earth;
5. the upper layer of the atmosphere, which is above the troposphere, extending from 15 to 80 kilometers above the earth;
6. the chief gas in the atmosphere;
7. to be ( to become) different;
8. to go in different directions;
9. set of layers of the earth’s atmosphere which reflect radio waves;
10. a band of warm gas in the lower part of the stratosphere.
Ex. 7. Pair the words in column A with a suitable word or phrase in column B.
| A | B |
| 1) to surround 2) to vary in 3) to be due to the scattering 4) to exert pressure 5) to shape 6) to support 7) to range 8) a considerable quantity of 9) to be divided 10) colorless and tasteless 11) to absorb 12) to protect 13) to be crushed by 14) the composition of | a) weather and climate patterns b) from … to c) into layers d) enormous weight e) thickness f) ultraviolet radiation g) mixture h) the earth i) from damaging effect j) of sunlight k) air pressure l) the atmosphere m) solid particles n) by pushing |
Ex. 8. Find the words opposite in meaning to the following ones. Write them down in pairs.
hot, heavy, calm, to press in, thick, enormous, sunrise, upward, reflect, lower, to protect, inert, to be present, inside, possible, harmful.
Ex. 9. Give the English equivalents for the following words or word combinations:
атмосфера Земли, слои атмосферы, давление воздуха, измерять давление, подниматься вверх, водяной пар, смесь газов, рассеянный свет, уровень моря, оказывать давление, инертные газы, двуокись углерода, квадратные километры (дюймы), огромный вес, поддерживать давление, окружать землю, кислород, водород, озоновый слой, вредные лучи, защищать, содержать, изменяться (варьировать), значительное количество, твердые частицы.
Ex. 10. Choose the best way to complete the following sentences:
1. One of the unique features of the Earth is …
a) the presence of oxygen
b) the presence of hydrogen
c) the presence of a stable atmosphere
2. The atmosphere is the layer of gas that surrounds …
a) the hydrosphere
b) the earth
c) the lithosphere
3. The composition of the atmosphere changes with …
a) the location from the sun
b) the distance from the earth’s surface
c) the movement of the Earth on its axis
4. Air in its natural state is a …
a) mixture of inert gases
b) mixture of nitrogen and oxygen
c) mixture of different gases
5. Without … there would be no weather changes
a) water
b) air
c) oxygen
6. The blue colour of the sky is due to …
a) the scattering of sunlight by gas and dust particles
b) electrically charged particles
c) the ozone layer
7. All our weather is formed in …
a) the stratosphere
b) the ionosphere
c) the troposphere
8. The ozone layer … ultraviolet radiation
a) protects
b) kills
c) absorbs