I. Use the verbs in brackets in the right tense form
1. You (to see) the new pictures by Shilov? Yes. How you (to like) it? I like it very much.
2. You ever (to be) to Paris? Yes, I (to go) there last winter.
3. Is father at home? No he (not to come) yet.
4. I just (to finish) work and (to read a book now).
5. Where is your son? He (not to come) home from school yet. I think he still (to play) football.
6. When your children (to come) back to town? They (not to come) back yet.
7. You (to do the translation) already? You only to begin it 20 minutes ago.
8. You (to finish) it an hour ago.
9. I just (to have) breakfast, and (to read) the paper. I (to answer). You (to get up) sp late? He (to say) and (to ask) me to go to his place at once.
10. When you (to come) to Moscow? A week ago.
II. Use Present Perfect or Past Indefinite.
1. I (to have) my breakfast. I am not hungry.
2. He (to have) his breakfast an hour ago.
3. The Smiths (to invite) us to dinner last Saturday.
4. They (to invite) many guests to their Christmas party.
5. We (to buy) a lot of things, put them into the fridge.
6. We (to go) shopping yesterday and (to buy) a lot of things.
7. She (to be) to London a lot of times.
8. She (to be) in London last month.
9. I never (to taste) Indian food.
10. I (to taste) Indian food when we were at the restaurant.
11. They (not to write) to us since they moved to a new flat.
12. When they (to write) to us last?
13. How long you learn English?
14. I (to learn) English long ago.
Vocabulary and Speech Exercises
I. Match the word and its definition.
| Govern | to collide with a loud noise, to come into conflict |
| Amendment | relating to courts of law |
| Dispute | relating to law |
| Legislative | An addition to, revision |
| Executive | adj relating to a person or group having administrative or managerial authority in an organization; n the chief officer of a government, state, or political division |
| Judicial | buying and selling of goods |
| Clash | to make and administer public policy and affairs |
| Commerce | to argue about, debate |
Scan the text and answer the questions.
THE PENTAGON PAPERS
In many nations prior restraint – censorship of information before it is published – is a common way for government to control information and limit freedom. In the United States, however, the Supreme Court has ruled that the press may be censored in advance only in cases relating directly to national security. The following Supreme Court decision illustrates this principle.
In The Pentagon Papers Case the Supreme Court reaffirmed its position. In 1971 a Pentagon employee leaked to The New York Times a secret government report outlining the history of United States involvement in the Vietnam War. This report, which became known as the Pentagon Papers, contained hundreds of government documents, many of them secret cables, memos, and plans.
Realizing that the Pentagon Papers showed that former government officials had lied to the American people about the war, The New York Times began to publish parts of the report. The government tried to stop further publication of the papers, arguing that national security would be endangered and that the documents had been stolen from the Defense Department.
A divided Court rejected the government`s claims. The Court ruled that stopping publication would be prior restraint. Writing on behalf of the majority, Justice William Douglas noted that “the dominant purpose of the First Amendment to the Constitution declaring the freedom of the press was to prohibit the widespread practice of governmental suppression of embarrassing information.” He added: “The press was protected so that it could bare the secrets of government and inform the people… The press is to serve the governed and not the governors.”
Notes:
prior restraint – предварительное ограничение (на публикацию документов);
censorship, to censor – цензура, подвергать цензуре;
to rule – постановлять;
case – судебное дело, случай;
to reaffirm – вновь подтвердить, закрепить;
to leak – зд. предоставить информацию, организовать утечку информации;
involvement – зд. – участие;
cable – телеграмма;
memo – разг. сокр. от «memorandum» - докладная записка, справка;
to be endangered – подвергаться опасности;
Defense Department – Министерство Обороны;
to reject a claim – отклонить иск;
Justice – Судья (в Верховном Суде США);
suppression – сокрытие, утаивание (информации);
embarrassing – зд. – компрометирующая информация;
to bare – открывать, раскрывать.
1. Is prior restraint a common way for government to control information?
2. Is there censorship of information in the US?
3. What event in American history is the Pentagon Papers Case related to?
4. Why did the government try to stop further publication of the papers?
5. Why did the Court reject the government`s claims?
6. Whose interests do you think the press should serve in a democratic society?
7. Was William Douglas a Supreme Court Justice or a Pentagon employee?
8. The Supreme Court rejected the government`s claims, didn`t it?
9. Who began to publish parts of the report?
UNIT 7
MY FUTURE PROFESSION
Scan the text.
Legal professions
Legal practice varies from country to country. In the United Kingdom the legal profession has two branches. Litigation lawyers are called barristers and those who deal with out-of-court courts are called solicitors. A person who needs legal advice, for example, when buying a house, usually goes to see a solicitor. Solicitors may represent their clients in higher courts. However, solicitors often use barristers to represent their clients in higher courts. Barristers are not allowed to deal directly with the public and can only talk to their client if a solicitor is present.
Barristers are called advocates in Scotland, and a solicitor or barrister representing a client in the English or Welsh courts is now often referred to as advocate.
After many years in the court barristers may be appointed as judges. They are highly paid and are sometimes accused of being remote from the rest of society.
The divided system still exists in some Australian states, although in other parts of Australia and in Canada and New Zealand, where it was originally used, the two parts of the profession have now come together, or “fused”.
In the United States there is a single profession. Lawyers are usually known as attorneys and they often specialize in limited areas of law such as criminal, divorce, etc., though many are involved in general practice. People who want to be lawyers go to law school after graduation from college. On completing their studies they must pass the examination of the bar association in the state in which they wish to work before they can practice law. Most American judges, although not all, are practicing attorneys at the time they assume to bench. Most courts have only one judge, but some higher courts have several. The United States has more lawyers than any other country.
The legal profession on every country has its own governing body, which regulates the conduct of its members and governs training and qualifications. In the United States every state has its own bar association. Bar association at the local, state and national levels help unify the legal professions in the United States. Bar associations often govern the conduct of lawyers within the state; otherwise, a state commission or court will consider grievances against lawyers.
In Great Britain barristers must be members of one of the four Inns of Court and solicitor must belong to the Law Society. Complaints system against solicitors and barristers are backed up by the Legal Services Ombudsman for England and Wales, who conducts investigations into the way the professional bodies handle these complaints. There is a separate Ombudsman for Scotland.
Many lawyers do not practice privately but work in the legal department of a large company or other association, or are in government service.