List of emerging and developing economies
The following are considered emerging and developing economies according to the International Monetary Fund's World Economic Outlook Report, October 2009.
1. 
Angola
2. 
Antigua and Barbuda
3. 
Argentina
4. 
Armenia
5. 
Azerbaijan
6. 
The Bahamas
7. 
Bahrain
8. 
Bangladesh
9. 
Belarus
10. 
Belize
11. 
Benin
12. 
Bhutan
13. 
Bolivia
14. 
Botswana
15. 
Bosnia and Herzegovina
16. 
Brazil
17. 
Bulgaria
18. 
Burkina Faso
19. 
Burma
20. 
Burundi
21. 
Cameroon
22. 
Cape Verde
23. 
Central African Republic
24. 
Chad
25. 
Chile
26. 
China
27. 
Colombia
28. 
Comoros
29. 
Democratic Republic of the Congo
30. 
Republic of the Congo
31. 
Costa Rica
32. 
Cфte d'Ivoire
33. 
Croatia
34. 
Djibouti
35. 
Dominica
36. 
Dominican Republic
37. 
Ecuador
38. 
Egypt
39. 
El Salvador
40. 
Equatorial Guinea
41. 
Eritrea
42. 
Ethiopia
43. 
Fiji
44. 
Gabon
45. 
The Gambia
46. 
Georgia
47. 
Ghana
48. 
Grenada
49. 
Guatemala
50. 
Guinea
51. 
Guinea-Bissau
52. 
Guyana
53. 
Haiti
54. 
Honduras
55. 
Hungary
56. 
Indonesia
57. 
India
58. 
Iran
59. 
Iraq
60. 
Jamaica
61. 
Jordan
62. 
Kazakhstan
63. 
Kenya
64. 
Kiribati
65. 
Kuwait
66. 
Kyrgyzstan
67. 
Laos
68. 
Latvia
69. 
Lebanon
70. 
Lesotho
71. 
Liberia
72. 
Libya
73. 
Lithuania
74. 
Macedonia
75. 
Madagascar
76. 
Malawi
77. 
Malaysia
78. 
Maldives
79. 
Mali
80. 
Marshall Islands
81. 
Mauritania
82. 
Mauritius
83. 
Mexico
84. 
Micronesia
85. 
Moldova
86. 
Mongolia
87. 
Montenegro
88. 
Morocco
89. 
Mozambique
90. 
Namibia
91. 
Nauru
92. 
Nepal
93. 
Nicaragua
94. 
Niger
95. 
Nigeria
96. 
Oman
97. 
Pakistan
98. 
Palau[18]
99. 
Panama
100. 
Papua New Guinea
101. 
Paraguay
102. 
Peru
103. 
Philippines
104. 
Poland
105. 
Qatar
106. 
Romania
107. 
Russia
108. 
Rwanda
109. 
Saudi Arabia
110. 
Samoa
111. 
Sгo Tomй and Prнncipe
112. 
Senegal
113. 
Serbia
114. 
Seychelles
115. 
Sierra Leone
116. 
Solomon Islands
117. 
South Africa
118. 
Somalia
119. 
Sri Lanka
120. 
Saint Kitts and Nevis
121. 
Saint Lucia
122. 
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
123. 
Sudan
124. 
Suriname
125. 
Swaziland
126. 
Syria
127. 
Tajikistan
128. 
Tanzania
129. 
Thailand
130. 
Timor-Leste
131. 
Togo
132. 
Tonga
133. 
Tunisia
134. 
Turkey
135. 
Turkmenistan
136. 
Tuvalu
137. 
Uganda
138. 
Ukraine
139. 
United Arab Emirates
140. 
Uruguay
141. 
Uzbekistan
142. 
Vanuatu
143. 
Venezuela
144. 
Vietnam
145. 
Yemen
146. 
Zambia
147. 
Zimbabwe
148. 
Afghanistan
149. 
Albania
150. 
Algeria
Developing countries not listed by IMF
· 
Cuba
· 
North Korea
Graduated developing countries (Four Asian Tigers & New Euro Countries) - Now considered developed
· 
Hong Kong (After 1997)
· 
Singapore (After 1997)
· 
South Korea (After 1997)
· 
Taiwan (After 1997)
· 
Cyprus (After 2001)
· 
Slovenia (After 2007)
· 
Malta (After 2008)
· 
Czech Republic (After 2009)
· 
Slovakia (After 2009)
· 
Estonia (After 2010)
Text 3
“Typology and names of countries”
Countries are often loosely placed into four categories of development. Each category includes the countries listed in their respective article. The term "developing nation" is not a label to assign a specific, similar type of problem.
Newly industrialized countries (NICs) are nations with economies more advanced and developed than those in the developing world, but not yet with the full signs of a developed country. NIC is a category between developed and developing countries. It includes Brazil, the People's Republic of China, India, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand and Turkey.
Big Emerging Market (BEM) economies, a label with various meanings. Jeffrey Garten identified, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, South Africa, Poland, Turkey, India, Indonesia, the People's Republic of China, and South Korea as the Big 10 BEMs.
Countries with long-term civil war or large-scale breakdown of rule of law ("failed states") (e.g. Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, Haiti, Somalia) or non-development-oriented dictatorship (North Korea, Myanmar, Zimbabwe).
Some developing countries have been classified as "Developed countries" such as South Africa, and Turkey by the CIA, and Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Brunei, Equatorial Guinea, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Trinidad and Tobago by the World Bank.
Text 4
“Pre-modern migrations”
2nd to 5th century Migration Period
Historical migration of human populations begins with the movement of Homo erectus out of Africa across Eurasia about a million years ago. Homo sapiens appear to have occupied all of Africa about 150,000 years ago, moved out of Africa 70,000 years ago, and had spread across Australia, Asia and Europe by 40,000 years BCE. Migration to the Americas took place 20,000 to 15,000 years ago, and by 2,000 years ago, most of the Pacific Islands were colonized. Later population movements notably include the Neolithic Revolution, Indo-European expansion, and the Early Medieval Great Migrations including Turkic expansion.
Early humans migrated due to many factors such as changing climate and landscape and inadequate food supply. The evidence indicates that the ancestors of the Austronesian peoples spread from the South Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some times around 8,000 years ago. Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the Austronesian languages. It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago. Indo-Aryan migration to and within Northern India is presumed to have taken place in the Middle to Late Bronze Age, contemporary to the Late Harappan phase in India (ca. 1700 to 1300 BC). From 180 BC, a series of invasions from Central Asia followed, including those led by the Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians and Kushans in the north-western Indian subcontinent.
From about 750 BC, the Greeks began 250 years of expansion, settling colonies in all directions. In Europe two waves of migrations dominate demographic distributions, that of the Celtic people, and the later Migration Period from the east. Other examples are small movements like ancient Scots moving from Hibernia to Caledonia and Magyars into Pannonia (modern-day Hungary). Turkic peoples spread across most of Central Asia into Europe and the Middle East between the 6th and 11th centuries. Recent research suggests that Madagascar was uninhabited until Austronesian seafarers from Indonesia arrived during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. Subsequent migrations from both the Pacific and Africa further consolidated this original mixture, and Malagasy people emerged.
One common hypothesis of the Bantu expansion
Before the expansion of the Bantu languages and their speakers, the southern half of Africa is believed to have been populated by Pygmies and Khoisan speaking people, today occupying the arid regions around the Kalahari Desert and the forest of Central Africa. By about 1000 AD Bantu migration had reached modern day Zimbabwe and South Africa. The Banu Hilal and Banu Ma'qil were a collection of Arab Bedouin tribes from the Arabian Peninsula who migrated westwards via Egypt between the 11th and 13th centuries. Their migration strongly contributed to the arabization and islamization of the western Maghreb, which was until then dominated by Berber tribes. Ostsiedlung was the medieval eastward migration and settlement of Germans. The 13th century was the time of the great Mongol and Turkic migrations across Eurasia.Between the 11th and 18th centuries, the Vietnamese expanded southward in a process known as nam tiến (southward expansion). Manchuria was separated from China proper by the Inner Willow Palisade, which restricted the movement of the Han Chinese into Manchuria during the Qing Dynasty, as the area was off-limits to the Han until the Qing started colonizing the area with them later on in the dynasty's rule.
The Age of Exploration and European Colonialism led to an accelerated pace of migration since Early Modern times. In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports. In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas. The local populations or tribes, such as the Aboriginal people in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Japan and the United States, were usually far overwhelmed numerically by the settlers. More recent examples are the movement of ethnic Chinese into Tibet and Xinjiang, ethnic Javanese into Western New Guinea and Kalimantan (see Transmigration program), Brazilians into Amazonia, Israelis into the West Bank and Gaza, ethnic Arabs into Iraqi Kurdistan, and ethnic Russians into Siberia and Central Asia.
Text 5
“Modern migrations”
Industrialization
While the pace of migration had accelerated since the 18th century already (including the involuntary slave trade), it would increase further in the 19th century. Manning distinguishes three major types of migration: labor migration, refugee migrations, and urbanization. Millions of agricultural workers left the countryside and moved to the cities causing unprecedented levels of urbanization. This phenomenon began in Britain in the late 18th century and spread around the world and continues to this day in many areas.
Industrialization encouraged migration wherever it appeared. The increasingly global economy globalized the labor market. The Atlantic slave trade diminished sharply after 1820, which gave rise to self-bound contract labor migration from Europe and Asia to plantations. Overpopulation, open agricultural frontiers, and rising industrial centers attracted voluntary migrants. Moreover, migration was significantly made easier by improved transportation techniques.
Transnational labor migration reached a peak of three million migrants per year in the early twentieth century. Italy, Norway, Ireland and the Quongdong region of China were regions with especially high emigration rates during these years. These large migration flows influenced the process of nation state formation in many ways. Immigration restrictions have been developed, as well as diaspora cultures and myths that reflect the importance of migration to the foundation of certain nations, like the American melting pot. The transnational labor migration fell to a lower level from 1930s to the 1960s and then rebounded.
The United States experienced considerable internal migration related to industrialization, including its African American population. From 1910–1970, approximately 7 million African Americans migrated from the rural Southern United States, where blacks faced both poor economic opportunities and considerable political and social prejudice, to the industrial cities of the Northeast, Midwest and West where relatively well paid jobs were available. This phenomenon came to be known in the United States as its own Great Migration.
The twentieth century experienced also an increase in migratory flows caused by war and politics. Muslims moved from the Balkan to Turkey, while Christians moved the other way, during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. 400,000 Jews moved to Palestine in the early twentieth century. The Russian Civil War caused some 3 million Russians, Poles and Germans to migrate out of the Soviet Union. World War II and decolonization also caused migrations.
Text 6
“World War”
See World War II evacuation and expulsion and Population transfer in the Soviet Union for World War II forced migrations.
The Jewish communities across Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East were formed from voluntary and involuntary migrants. After the Holocaust (1938 to 1945), there was increased migration to the British Mandate of Palestine, which became the modern state of Israel as a result of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
Provisions of the Potsdam Agreement from 1945 signed by victorious Western Allies and the Soviet Union led to one of the largest European migrations, and the largest in the 20th century. It involved the migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people. The largest affected group were 16.5 million Germans expelled from Eastern Europe westwards. The second largest group were Poles, millions of whom were expelled westwards from eastern Kresy region and resettled in the so-called Recovered Territories (see Allies decide Polish border in the article on the Oder-Neisse line). Hundreds of thousands of Poles, Ukrainians (Operation Vistula), Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians and some Belarussians, were expelled eastwards from Europe to the Soviet Union. Finally, many of the several hundred thousand Jews remaining in Eastern Europe after the Holocaust migrated outside Europe to Israel and the United States.