Monopolies and competition
Economists consider every business to have competition. Merriam-Webster defines competition in business as "the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favorable terms." It may stimulate innovation, encourage efficiency, or drive down prices. According to microeconomic theory, no system of resource allocation is more efficient than pure competition. Competition, according to the theory, causes commercial firms to develop new products, services, and technologies. This gives consumers greater selection and better products. The greater selection typically causes lower prices for the products compared to what the price would be if there was no competition or little competition.
Scientists believe competition to exist at different sizes; some competitions may be between two members of a species, while other competitions can involve entire species. In an example in economics, a competition between two small stores would be considered small compared to competition between several mega giants. As a result, the consequences of the competition would also vary the larger the competition, the larger the effect. Honestly evaluating your competition will help you better understand your own product or service and enable you to know how best to distinguish your company in the consumer’s eyes and it points to opportunities in the market.
Although in a perfect market, competition is unrestricted and sellers are numerous, free competition and large numbers of sellers are not always available in the real world. Our strict definition of a perfectly competitive market is a market in which every firm is too small to affect the market price. If a firm can appreciably affect the market price of its output, then the firm is classified as an “imperfect competitor”. Imperfect competition prevails in an industry whenever individual sellers have some measure of control over the price of output in that industry. Imperfect competition does not imply that a firm has absolute control over the price of its product but at least some discretion in its price decision.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. What will help you better understand your own product or service?
2. What do the components of customer preference include?
3. Why is it necessary to estimate the internal strength of your competitors’ companies?
4. Which companies will prove to be tough, enduring competition?
5. What is a perfectly competitive market?
Complete the following sentences according to the text:
1. Honestly evaluating your competition …
2. The components of customer preference …
3. Our strict definition of a perfectly competitive market is …
4. If a firm can appreciably affect …
5. Imperfect competition prevails …
Fill in the table with the derivatives
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Compete, depend, variety, favorable, independence, commerce, select, type, competitor, persistently, compare, typically, commercial, independent, competition, persistence, comparative, selection, comparatively, vary, persistent, restrict, favor (2), number (2), comparison, independently, restricted, numerous, competitive, class, various, typical, classify, persist, selective, restriction.
Вариант 4.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Must he or must his brother help me? 1. These books (are).
2. Do you feel well? 2. Yes, I do.
3. Will that house be built next month? 3. His brother must.
4. What books are interesting? 4. No, it won't.
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You can't speak Spanish. – You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5.Mary is playing the piano very well.
6. He was listening to the concert on TV at 7 p.m.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. No, I haven't been to Paris.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. By six o’clock yesterday you (to do) your homework and at six you (to watch) a video film.
9. By 4 o’clock the girl (to come) home and at two she (to have) dinner.
10. My parents (to come) home by six o’clock.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол (в будущее совершенное время):
11. The police … (arrest) the thief by the next morning.
12. If they can do it then they … (fulfill) their mission.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. There was a big pot ____ water ____ the top ____ the stove.
2. She spoke English ____ a French accent.
3. The teacher was pleased _______ our work.
4. Put these flowers _______the windowsill.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. We will deal with the problem later.
6. They ended up visiting their friends after shopping last night.
7. He finally figured out how to solve the problem.
8. I plan to go over your task later.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом up в необходимой грамматической форме: wake – pick – bring — eat — give – look – set — get — tidy – break
9. You should not … up boxing. You are a very talented man.
10. I have not … up the living room. It is dirty.
11. Don’t … her up too early in the morning.
12. I always … up the new words in the dictionary.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. Dan is in Britain now and he (to write) a letter about his holidays.
2. Sam’s future (to depend) on his parents.
3. Now tourists (to take) part in a band festival.
4. We ... three English lessons a week.
Исправьте ошибки.
5. You can borrow my umbrella. I not needs it now.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. did/ train/ last/ you/ by/ when/ travel?
Вставьте слова will / to be going to.
7. – This room is very hot. – You are right. I … open the window.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу: My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. I decided to move to the country.
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous
9. My parents (to work) now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I
10. I heard him shouting something from the opposite shore.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение
11. She entered the room (to smile).
Выберите правильный вариант
12. I wonder if that terrible wind (______) tomorrow.” – “Oh, yes. The weather forecast says it (______) for another two weeks.
а) will blow, will blow, b)will be blowing, will be blowing, c)will blow, blows
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями. Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at three.
1. They watched a good film.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами. Образец:
No, I was not playing chess at six. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, we were passing the British Museum yesterday at 5 p.m.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. He (to play) computer games from two until three yesterday.
4. We (to play) computer games out all day long yesterday.
Употребите Present Perfect:
5. They ... (to know) each other since 2013.
6. I … (not to read) a lot of Russian books yet.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. They have … finished their breakfast.
8. Our children haven’t been at school … a week.
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
9. Now, they is playing tennis.
10. We are listening to the concert yesterday at four p. m.
11. We know each other for many year. He is my best friend.
12. He go to the library every week.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. We hope they (tell) her the news by the time they (come).
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов:
2. I`m sure, she`ll be able to come to our party.
3. I needn`t walk, there is a bus going there.
Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
4. You didn’t thank your grandmother for the lovely gift.
Ought to you ____________ your grandmother for the lovely gift.
Вставьтеneedn’t / have to/ mustn’t/ didn’t need to /have to или needn’t have:
5. The notice says that club members _____ use the pool unattended.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол:
6. You _____ drive for a year in Britain with an international license.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборотcould, was/ were able to или couldn’t:
7. My grandmother loved music. She _______ play the piano very well.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t или don’t / doesn’t have to:
8. You _______ forget what I told you. It is very important!
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Я вынужден был сделать это.
10. Не хотите еще чая?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.
a) can’t
b) have to
c) needn’t
12. We have got plenty of time. We … hurry.
a) must
b) needn’t
c) should
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту:
Before you read
- What is the national currency of the UK?
Economy of the UK
The UK economy is made up (in descending order of size) of the economies of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Based on market exchange rates, the United Kingdom is today the fifth largest economy in the world and the second economy in Europe after Germany.
The Industrial Revolution started in the United Kingdom with an initial concentration on heavy industries such as shipbuilding, coal mining, steel production, and textiles. The empire created an overseas market for British products, allowing the UK to dominate international trade in the 19th century. However, as other nations industrialized, coupled with economic decline after two world wars, the United Kingdom began to lose its competitive advantage and heavy industry declined, by degrees, throughout the 20th century. Manufacturing remains a significant part of the economy. The British motor industry is a significant part of this sector, although it has diminished with the collapse of the MG Rover Group and most of the industry is foreign owned. Civil and defense aircraft production is led by the United Kingdom's largest aerospace firm, BAE Systems, and the continental European firm EADS, the owner of Airbus. Rolls-Royce holds a major share of the global aerospace engines market. The chemical and pharmaceutical industry is strong in the UK, with the world's second and sixth largest pharmaceutical firms based in the UK.
The UK service sector, however, has grown substantially, and now makes up about 73% of GDP. The service sector is dominated by financial services, especially in banking and insurance. London is the world's largest financial center with the London Stock Exchange, the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, and the Lloyd's of London insurance market all based in the City of London. London is a major center for international business and commerce and is the leader of the three "command centers" for the global economy (along with New York City and Tokyo). It has the largest concentration of foreign bank branches in the world.
EADS - European Aeronautic Defense and Space Company – (Европейский аэрокосмический и оборонный концерн).
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. What is the UK economy made up?
2. What were the basic industries with which the Industrial Revolution started?
3. Why did the UK begin to lose its competitive advantage?
4. What is a significant part of the British economy?
5. What are the most important industries of the economy of the country?
Insert personal and possessive pronouns:
1. The Queen has certain rights. But_____ power is limited by Parliament. Nevertheless, officially ______ is the head of the state.
2. The British Parliament is in the Westminster Palace. _____ has two chambers. _________ are the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
3. The Prince of Wales is a Crown Prince. ______ is the Queen’s eldest son.
4. The most essential element of currency system is banknotes of countries and _______ ability to serve as a medium of exchange.
5. Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland possess ____ own legislatures and executives.
Fill in the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Pay, duration, poverty, finance (2), possession, receive, safely, earned, partial, liable, payable, different, earn, decide, use (2), week, difference, receivable, durable, liability, ability, payment, earning, weekly, financial, safety, possess, part (2), be able to, distribute, usable, decision, poor, partially, safe, poorly, able, receipt, differentiate, distribution.
Вариант 5.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Can you or can your friend play tennis? 1. Those new books (are).
2. Do you like the King or the Queen? 2. My friend can.
3. Has the post come yet? 3. I like the Queen
4. Which books are interesting? 4. No, it hasn't.
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You can't speak Spanish. – You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. London is on the River Thames.
6. They have not had English today.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. No, I have not seen this book.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. When they (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. She (to thank) me for what I (to do) for her.
10. The telegram (to arrive) 20 minutes after he (to leave) the house.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в будущее совершенное время:
11. The boy … (finish) his essay by three o’clock in the morning.
12. Pete … (manage) the team for seven years by next month.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. Here’s a birthday present ________you.
2. You can buy tea and sugar ____ the shop.
3. I explained ___ the teacher that by the end ___ the lesson, I had not finished the translation ___ the text and that is why I had not handed it ___him.
4. He was cured _____ a very skillful doctor.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. They tried to come up with a good excuse.
6. Come on, what is on your mind?
7. We will not be able to visit you tonight if something else comes up.
8. I decided to go with cake rather than ice cream.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом on в необходимой грамматической форме: carry — try – hold – count – take — come — switch – be — put
9. Our company … on some new workers on Monday.
10. … on a second. She will call her sister.
11. If you keep silence I will … on reading the fairy-tale.
12. You can … on these trousers in the fitting-room.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. My brother (to play) the drums in parade now.
2. Ulster (to attract) many people every year, it (to have) its own symbol and flag.
3. People (to choose) different ways of travelling in England.
4. He usually (come) home at 3 p.m.
Исправьте:
5. George say he is 80 years old but I not believing him.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. do / what / Sunday / you / last / did?
Вставьте слова will / to be going to
7. – I have lost my dog. – Don’t worry. I … help you to find it.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going toпо образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Our intention is to learn French.
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous:
9. Mandy … still … in the garden (to work).
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I:
10. He watched them going down the mountain.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение:
11. (To drink) coffee she was talking to her friend.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. She (______) every day until the end of the month.
performs
will be performing
will perform
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями:
Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at three.
1. We had dinner in the kitchen.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами:
Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, I was working from 16 until 19 yesterday.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. What Nick (to do) when you came to his place?
4. What he (to do) yesterday?
Употребите Present Perfect
5. All day long he ... (to be) in London.
6. I … never ( to see) such an interesting film.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. He hasn’t bought him a present … .
8. They haven’t been at school … a week.
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
11. My sister speak German badly.
12. When have you bought the book?
9. I have brother.
10. We just wrote a letter.
11. They have playing tennis now.
12. You are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. What … you (do) when I (call) on you at five tomorrow?
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов:
2. She has to come to the meeting.
3. He is to finish school in a year.
Составьте предложения, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты:
4. Exam candidates are obliged to follow the instructions.
Haveto exam candidates … the instructions.
Вставьтеneedn’t /have to/ mustn’t/ didn’t need to/ have to или needn’t have:
5. Elaine _____ cook dinner as she had arranged to go to an Italian restaurant with Lisa.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could)
6. _____ I borrow your camera?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот could, was/ were able to или couldn’t:
7. The boy fell into the river but fortunately we _______ rescue him.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t или don’t / doesn’t have to:
8. We _______ leave yet. We’ve got plenty of time
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Я не знаю, почему мы спешили. Нам не нужно было спешить.
10. Я бы хотел пойти с тобой.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. Tom … play tennis well but he … play a game yesterday because he was ill.
a) couldn’t, could
b) can, was able
c) can, couldn’t
12. You … take an umbrella today. The Sun is shining.
a) needn’t
b) mustn’t
c) can’t
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту:
- Did the UK join the euro at the currency’s launch?
Economy of the UK
The UK economy is today the fifth largest economy in the world and the second largest in Europe after Germany. London is a major center for international business and commerce and is the leader of the three "command centers" for the global economy. Many multinational companies that are not primarily UK-based have chosen to site their European or rest of world headquarters in London: an example is the US financial services firm Citigroup. The Scottish capital, Edinburgh, has one of the large financial centers of Europe and is the headquarters of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, one of the world's largest banks.
Tourism is very important to the British economy. With over 27 million tourists arriving in 2012, the United Kingdom is ranked as the sixth major tourist destination in the world. London, by a considerable margin, is the most visited city in the world with 15.6 million visitors in 2012, after Bangkok (10.4 million visitors) and Paris (9.7 million).
The United Kingdom's agriculture sector accounts for only 0.9% of the country's GDP. The UK has a small coal reserve along with significant, yet continuously declining natural gas and oil reserves. An alternative to coal-fired electricity generation is underground coal gasification (UCG).
Government involvement throughout the economy is exercised by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who heads HM Treasury, but the Prime Minister is First Lord of the Treasury; the Chancellor of the Exchequer is the Second Lord of the Treasury. In recent years, the UK economy has been managed in accordance with principles of market liberalization and low taxation and regulation. Since 2000, the Bank of England's Monetary Policy Committee, headed by the Governor of the Bank of England, has been responsible for setting interest rates at the level necessary to achieve the overall inflation target for the economy that is set by the Chancellor each year.
The currency of the UK is the pound sterling, represented by the symbol £. The Bank of England is the central bank, responsible for issuing currency. The UK chose not to join the euro at the currency's launch, and the British Prime Minister, Gordon Brown MP, has ruled out membership for the near future, saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe. The government of former Prime Minister Tony Blair had pledged to hold a public referendum for deciding membership should be met "five economic tests". In 2005, more than half (55%) of the UK was against adopting the currency, while 30% was in favor.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. Where are the largest London financial bodies situated? What are they?
2. What are the three “command centers” for the global economy?
3. Why is tourism very important for the British economy?
4. Who is responsible for the success or failure of the British economy?
5. What is the national currency of the UK?
Insert demonstrative pronouns:
1. Manufacturing is very significant for Britain’s economy. Motor industry is a part of ______ sector.
2. Trade relations between countries are very important. ______ relations are regulated by currency system.
3. The UK is a constitutional monarchy: succession to the British throne is hereditary, governed by the principle of male preference primogeniture, but excludes Roman Catholics or ___who marry Roman Catholics.
4. When one party has an absolute majority in the House of Commons, the Sovereign appoints the leader of _____ party as Prime Minister.
5. People in countries outside the British Isles often call the inhabitants of the UK English. ___ is incorrect. The UK has at least four nationalities. ____ four nationalities are the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish.
Complete the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Consider, different, equality, depreciation, move (2), increasing, incorporate, mean, imply, progressive, movable, increase (2), investor, differ, consideration, meaningful, considerable, progress (2), depreciate, increasingly, equally, investment, implicit, movement, difference, implication, invest, differently, corporation, implicitly, progressively, corporate, equal (2), depreciatingly, meaning, considerably.
Вариант 6.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. When will you read my letter: 1. No, I can't
today or tomorrow?
2. Do you have to help your father? 2. One / A bottle.
3. Can you rely on the strength of the ice? 3. I’ll do it tomorrow.
4. How much liquid was used? 4.No, I don't.
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You can't speak Spanish. – You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. She was born in 1996.
6. He is playing football now.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. Yes, we have a very nice room.
Поставьте глагол в Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. The telegram (to arrive) 10 minutes after they (to leave) the house.
10. Suddenly he (to remember) that he (to leave) his exercise book at home.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в скобках (в будущее совершенное время):
11. They … (do) the washing by nine o’clock of the evening.
12. He … (repair) his car by the next Saturday.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. A man opened the door ____ his wife.
2. What`s _____TV tonight?
3. The young scientist was trying to prove _____ the professor the necessity ___ the experiment.
4. My explanation seemed strange _____the teacher.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. The parents got furious when they found out that their son was expelled.
6. I am always happy to get back to my work after my holiday.
7. The murderer won’t get away with his crime.
8. Please, hold on for a moment! I have to check the lock.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом on в необходимой грамматической форме: carry — try – hold – count – take — come — switch – be — put
9. Kate is light-minded. I cannot … on her in trouble.
10. … on a second. I will call my sister.
11. Shall we go to the cinema? There … a new blockbuster on tonight.
12. … on, guys! We shall win!
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. There (to be) many travelers that come to France every year.
2. Mike and I (to swim) in the swimming pool now.
3. Wales (to have) many old traditions.
4. He is a good tennis player. However, he ... (play) very often.
Исправьте:
5. You can borrow my bike. I not needs it at the moment.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. Did/ summer / go / where / last / you?
Вставьте слова will/ to be going to.
7. – Did you post the letters for me? – Sorry, I forgot. I … do it.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight:
8. My mother's intention is to see this monument.
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous:
9. The boys (to play) table tennis now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I:
10. We saw him walking along the bank of the river.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение:
11. (To find) the keys, we were able to open the door.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. What time your friends (______) tomorrow?
do your friends arrive
will be your friends arriving
will your friends be arriving
are your friends arriving
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями:
Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at three.
1. Bill phoned his friend in the morning.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами:
Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, she was not playing computer games from eight until nine yesterday.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. He (to read) a book yesterday.
4. I (not to sleep) at 9 o'clock yesterday.
Употребите Present Perfect:
5. I ... never (to be) in London.
6. My friend ... (not phone) me all day long evening yesterday.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. We haven’t bought her a present … .
8. She has … come from the library.
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
9. They know each other for many year.
10. My friend go to the library every week.
11. Now they is playing tennis.
12. I was listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. She (search) every corner of your room before she (leave).
Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов:
2. Look! She is walking, but she is going to fall.
3. She has to get up early on weekends.
Вставьте can или be able to. Иногда допустимы оба варианта:
4. George has travelled a lot. He _______ speak four languages.
Вставьтеneedn’t/ have to/ mustn’t/ didn’t need to/ have to или needn’t have:
5) You _____ pick me up after school. I will take the bus.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол:
6) _____ I give you a lift?
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборотcould, was/ were able to или couldn’t’t:
7. My friend had hurt his leg, so he _______ walk very well.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t’t или don’t / doesn’t have to
8. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I _______ work.
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Я не знаю, почему мы спешили. Нам не нужно было спешить.
10. Я бы хотел пойти с тобой.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. You … smoke so much.
a) would
b) can’t
c) shouldn’t
12. They have got plenty of time. They … hurry.
a) must
b) needn’t
c) should
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту:
Before you read
- What is the national currency of the USA?
Economy of the USA
The American economy is a free enterprise system. The nation’s income and productivity have risen enormously over the past 70 years. In this period, the money for personal consumption tripled in real purchasing power. The gross national product per capita quadrupled, reflecting growth in worker productivity.
Together, all sectors of the American economy produce almost $4,000 million dollars’ worth of goods and services annually, and each year they turn out almost $ 190,000 million more. The consumption of these goods and services is spread widely. Most Americans consider themselves members of the middle economic class, and relatively few are extremely wealthy or extremely poor. According to U.S. Census Bureau figures, 9.6 percent of all American families make more than $50,000 a year, and 7.7 percent of all American families have incomes less than $10,000; the median annual income for all American families is about $28,906.
Americans live in a variety of housing that includes single detached homes (62 percent) with a median cost of $112,500. They also live in apartments, town houses and mobile homes. Three-fourths of all married couples own their own homes. About 3.6 percent of all Americans live in public (government-supplied or subsidized) housing.
The government plays an important role in the economy. as is the case in all countries. From the foundation of the Republic, the U.S. federal government has strongly supported the development of transportation. It financed the first major canal system and later subsidized the railroads and the airlines. It has developed river valleys and built dams and power stations. It has extended electricity and scientific advice to farmers, and assures them a minimum price for their basic crops. It checks the purity of food and drugs, insures bank deposits and guarantees loans. Despite the fact that the United States government supports many segments of the nation’s economy, economists estimate that the public sector accounts for only one-fifth of American economic activity, with the remainder in private hands.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. What is the American economy?
2. What is the result of the nation’s income and productivity increase?
3. What is the economic status of Americans?
4. What role does the US government play in the economy?
5. What was (and what is) the role of the US federal government?
Complete the following sentences according to the text:
1. The US economy is …
2. Over the past 70 years the GNP …
3. All sectors of the US economy produce …
4. The median annual income …
5. As in the case in all countries, the US Government …
Complete the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Money, possible, current, able, possibly, speculate, currently, monetary, speculative, day, speculation, value (2), press, ability, daily (2), be able to, speculatively, possibility, valuable, pressure, currency, speculator, make possible
Specialize, judgement, productive, dependent, repetitive, special, perform, output, productivity, judge (2), divide, specialization, independently, repeat (2), responsibility, entire, relative (2), entirely, put out, depend on, performance, responsible, division, interdependence, reduce, produce (2), reduction.
Вариант 7.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Was there any water in that bottle? 1. I can.
2. What is the train fare from Moscow to Vnukovo? 2. I did it because of her.
3. Why did you do that: 3. About 400 rubles.
because of me or her?
4. Who can cook? 4. No, there wasn't.
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You can't speak Spanish. – You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. You haven't visited Oxford.
6. They were dancing very well.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. No, he didn't work yesterday.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. By 5 o’clock yesterday he (to do) his homework and at six he (to watch) a film.
9. By two o’clock the boy (to come) home and at two he (to have) dinner.
10. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол (в будущее совершенное время):
11. We … (finish) this work by two o’clock of the morning.
12. He … (visit) some European countries the next fall.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. The train is ____ the platform ____ the station.
2. I arrived ______ England last month.
3. The embankments ___the Neva are faced _____ granite.
4. The roof ... the house is very old.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. We look forward to hearing from you.
6. I’ll look up this word in the dictionary.
7. I’m sorry but they have to break up.
8. Jane will look after your dog while you are on business.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом on в необходимой грамматической форме: carry — try – hold – count – take — come — switch – be — put
9. You can … on these trousers in the fitting-room.
10. Don’t … on the TV during a heavy storm.
11. If you keep silence I will … on reading the fairy-tale.
12. I have to … on my scarf, I have a sore throat.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. Ads (can help) you to know about new interesting information.
2. The children (sleep) for two hours every afternoon.
3. I (to dance) to the music at the concert now.
4. Where they (play)? – They ... at the stadium.
Исправьте:
5. Michael is married not. He live in Oxford.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. Visit / you / art gallery / a / last / did / when?
Вставьте слова will/ to be going to.
7. They … play football at the institute.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Our plan is to build a new cottage.
Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Continuous:
9. She … a new coat (to try on).
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I:
10. I saw the girl reading a book.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение:
11. (To make) the report, Tom left the room.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. Mike (______) for his exam on Philosophy all day tomorrow.
work
is working
will be working
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, уточняя действие наречиями:
Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. – I was going to the cinema yesterday at three o` clock.
1. He (to read) a book yesterday.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами:
Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. Yes, we were passing the British Museum yesterday at three p. m.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. He (to play) computer games from four until six yesterday.
4. We (to play) computer games the whole evening yesterday.
Употребите Present Perfect.
5. My son (to play) computer games all day long yesterday.
6. The boy … just (to open) his eyes.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. They have … written this composition.
8. Has she … been to London?
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
9. We is playing tennis at the moment.
10. They are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
11. We know each other for many year.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.m.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. The plane (approach) Kazan at this time tomorrow.
Переведите предложения:
2. My brother can speak three foreign languages.
3. We are going to spend our holidays in Bali.
Вставьте can илиbe able to:
4. Tom _______ drive but he hasn’t got a car.
Вставьтеneedn’t/ have to/ mustn’t/ didn’t need to/ have to или needn’t have:
5. You _____ sent me the package. I was going to come and collect it.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол:
6. You _____ tell anyone what I said.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот could, was/ were able to или couldn’t:
7. He was not at home when I phoned but I _______ contact him at his office.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t или don’t / doesn’t have to:
8. Whatever you do, you _______ touch that switch. It is very dangerous!
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Я бы хотел пойти с тобой.
10. Ты можешь делать все, что хочешь.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. I’m sorry, you didn’t invite me to your birthday party. You … invite me next time.
a) must
b) should
c) need to
12. Well, it’s 10 o’clock. I … go now.
a) can
b) has to
c) must
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту:
Before you read
- How many states does the USA consist of today?
Economy of the USA
The government of USA supports many segments of the nation’s economy, the public sector accounts for only one-fifth of American economic activity. In agriculture, for example, farmers benefit from public education, roads, rural electrification and support prices, but their land is private property to work pretty much as they desire. More than 86.7 percent of America’s 208.8 million farms is owned by the people who operate them; the rest are owned by business corporations. With increasingly improved farm machinery, seed and fertilizers, more food is produced each year, although the number of farmers decreases annually. The United States produces as much as half the world’s soybeans and corn for grain, wheat, tobacco and vegetable oil.
The bulk of America’s wealth is produced by private industries and businesses – ranging from giants like General Motors, which sells $96,371 million worth of cars and trucks each year – to thousands of small, independent entrepreneurs. Nearly 45 percent of American products currently faces foreign competition within markets in the United States. America has traditionally supported free trade.
More than hundred million Americans are in the labor force. The labor force has grown especially rapidly because of the increased number of working women. Women now constitute more than half of America’s total work force. The entry of the “baby boom” generation into the job market has also increased the work force. Part-time employment has increased as well – only about 55 percent of all workers has full-time, full-year jobs – the rest either work part-time, part-year or both.
American industries have become increasingly more service-oriented. Of 12.6 million new jobs created, almost 85 percent has been in service industries. Careers in technical, business and health-related fields have particularly experienced employee growth in recent years. Approximately 27 million Americans are employed in selling. Another 19.2 million work in manufacturing and 17.5 million work for federal, state and local governments.
Recently, unemployment in the United States was calculated at about twelve percent. The government provides short-term unemployment compensation (from 20 to 39 weeks depending upon economic conditions) to replace wages lost between jobs. About 80 per cent of all wage and salary earners is covered by un-employment insurance. In addition, both the government and private industry provide job training to help unemployed and disadvantaged Americans.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. What was (and what is) the role of the US federal government?
2. Which sector of the economy is larger private or public?
3. How large is the labor force of the country?
4. Why is labor force so large now?
5. How are American industries oriented?
Complete the following sentences according to the text:
1. In agriculture farmers benefit …
2. With increasingly improved farm machinery …
3. The labor force …
4. The entry of the “baby boom” generation …
5. Unemployment in the US was calculated …
Complete the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Deliver, stable, closely, additionally, facility, delivery, investment, close (2), add, eliminate, invest, electronic, stabilize, exchangeable, facilitate, electronically, provide, addition, elimination, provision, liquidity, exchange (2), electronics, investor, additional, stability, liquid (2), electrify.
Вариант 8.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Have you got any money? 1. About twenty.
2. Is it pleasant to work with 2. She did it fast.
good-natured people, isn`t it?
3. How did she do her work: fast or slow? 3. Yes, it is.
4. How many cigars had been smoked? 4.No, Ihavenot.
Составьте вопросы по образцу:
You cannot speak Spanish. – You cannot speak Spanish, can you?
5. My sister was out at 12 p.m.
6. You have not been in Rome.
Составьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. No, my mother has not bought this book.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave).
9. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) my exercise book at home.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол (в будущее совершенное время):
11. If he can do it then he … (fulfill) their mission.
12. Mike … (leave) by the end of the week.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. The doctor sent a bill ____ the writer ____ his visits.
2. There are many horses and donkeys ____ the field.
3. My father sometimes comes ___the country after work and goes back ___town early in the morning, when I am still ____bed.
4. He was treated____ very effective drugs.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. He caught a terrible cold but I’m sure he’ll put through.
6. We ended up visiting our friend after shopping last night.
7. She finally figured out how to solve the problem.
8. He is used to looking down on his employees.
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом out в необходимой грамматической форме: watch – find — eat — break – make — blow – clear — go – turn — count
9. … out! The monkeys are going to attack.
10. If you go to the party tonight, … me out. I won’t go.
11. We couldn’t … out the meaning of her poem.
12. Mike … out a successful designer.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. Britain (to invite) you to visit charming places.
2. A lot of families (to spend) their leisure time in the national parks: they (to go) boating and fishing.
3. Now I (to write) the letter to my parents.
4. He often (clean) windows? – Yes, he often (help) his parents.
Исправьте:
5. Sally is married not. She sometimes eat in a restaurant.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. travel / on / you / how / work / did / to / Monday?
Вставьте слова will / to be going to.
7. …. water they the flowers every 3 days?
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. Our plan is to build a new cottage.
Раскройте скобки:
9. She … a new dress (to try on).
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I
10.The children watched the boys playing football.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение:
11. (To see) her he raised his hat.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. Jane (______) for her exam on Philosophy tomorrow morning.
work
is working
will be working
Задание 4.
Употребите следующие предложения в Past Progressive, c наречиями:
Образец: I went to the cinema yesterday. I was going to the cinema yesterday at 3.
1.We listened to music yesterday.
Поставьте вопросы, на которые нижеследующие предложения могут быть ответами:
Образец: No, I was not playing chess at 6. – Were you playing chess at 6?
2. No, he was not writing a letter from two until six yesterday.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Indefinite или Past Continuous:
3. What Nick (to do) yesterday?
4. I (not to sleep) at 9 o'clock yesterday.
Употребите Present Perfect:
5. We ... just ….. (discuss) this book.
6. I … never (to see) such an interesting film.
Допишите предложения при помощи слов: already, just, since, for, ever, yet:
7. I haven’t seen you … ages.
8. Tom hasn’t been at school … a week.
Исправьте ошибки и напишите правильный вариант:
9. These program are bad.
10. These boy is my pupils.
11. We speaks English bad.
12. We are listening to the concert yesterday at 4 p.
Задание 5.
Поставьте предложение в соответствующее будущее время:
1. By the time you (get) home we (prepare) everything for the party.
Переведите предложения
2. She can speak three foreign languages.
3. You must work hard at your English if you want to know it.
Вставьте can илиbe able to:
4. I ____’t understand Martin.
Вставьтеneedn’t/ have to/ mustn’t/ didn’t need to/ have to или needn’t have:
5. You _____ drop litter in the park.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (may, can, must, could)
6. You _____ have a passport to visit most foreign countries.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборотcould, was / were able to или couldn’t:
7. I looked very carefully and I _______ see a figure in the distance.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот mustn’t или don’t/ doesn’t have to:
8. You _______ forget what I told you. It is very important!
Переведите предложения на английский язык:
9. Ольге нужно уделить больше внимания занятиям по английскому языку.
10. Я не уверен, но возможно он неправ.
Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол или модальный оборот:
11. Where are my gloves? — I … put them on because it’s cold today.
a) can’t
b) have to
c) needn’t
12. You … take an umbrella today. The Sun is shining.
a) needn’t
b) mustn’t
c) can’t
Задание 6.
Переведите письменно текст, выполните задания к тексту:
Before you read
- What is the national currency of the Canada?
Canadian economy
According to the annual statistics of the UNO, in 2008 Canada was on the first place in the world in the list of the countries considered the best on several major criteria (general standard of living, ecology, culture and art, education, crime rate, etc.). Canada is one of the most ecologically safe countries in the world. In the UNO report in 2008 devoted to the living standards of population in many countries, it was mentioned that Canada had surpassed all the other countries.
Macroeconomic parameters of the country are the following: with the population about 31 million people at the beginning of 2008 the total internal product of the country was equal 633.2 billon of American dollars, or $21.000 per one citizen.
The structure of Canadian economy is also of particular interest. 15% of able-bodied population is engaged in the services sphere, 14% - in industrial enterprises, 4% - in agriculture, 3% - in construction and 4% - in some other spheres.
The program encouraging foreign investments into Canada was adopted. As a result, the country drew a lot of foreign money to its economy. Due to this program, investments into Canadian industry increased from 62 to 110 million of Canadian dollars. That enabled to develop new technologies, to organize new industrial spheres, to employ more workers and to train new technical specialists and managers.
Due to its favorable geographical position, Canada has close trade relations with many Asian countries of the Pacific Ocean region. Canada exports coal, wood, copper concentrate and some other enriched raw materials. The main trade collaborates of the country in the USA. In 2007, the share of Canadian export to the USA was 40%, what equal 7 billion American Dollars.
Canada is the largest manufacturer of newsprint in the world. Only 7% of soil is suitable for agriculture, but they consist million hectares of fertile ground. About 80% of Canadian farms is situated in prairies. The country is one of the biggest granaries. Almost all the minerals necessary for the development of modern economy are occurred in Canada. It is one of the leading extractors and exporters of nickel, zinc, plaster, potash, sulfur, aluminum, gold, copper and iron ore.
67% of all electricity in Canada is produced by hydroelectric power stations. Canadian rivers contain 10% of the world stock of river water. The country is also the leader in development of hydroelectric power stations, transformers and distributive system constructions.
Now read the text and answer these questions:
1. What are major criteria that put Canada on the first place in the world in the 2008?
2. What are macroeconomic parameters of Canada?
3. What is the structure of Canadian economy?
4. What is the result of the program encouraging foreign investments into Canada?
5. Why does Canada have close trade relations with many Asian countries of the Pacific Ocean region?
Agree or disagree. Correct wrong statements:
1. According to general structure of living and some other criteria Canada is on the first place in the world.
2. Ecological situation of Canada is one of the best in the world.
3. Due to the program encouraging foreign investments into Canada the country lost 110 million of dollars.
4. Canada is the largest producer of energy in the world.
5. Prairies are places of Canadian farms.
Complete the table with the derivatives:
| Verb | Noun | Adjective | Adverb |
Consider, different, equality, depreciation, move (2), increasing, incorporate, mean, imply, progressive, movable, increase (2), investor, differ, consideration, meaningful, considerable, progress (2), depreciate, increasingly, equally, investment, implicit, movement, difference, implication, invest, differently, corporation, implicitly, progressively, corporate, equal (2), depreciatingly, meaning, considerably.
Вариант 9.
Задание 1.
Подберите к следующим вопросам ответы:
1. Which car is yours? 1. I have.
2. Do you have any money? 2. No, I don't.
3. Have you or your friend written this letter? 3. Yes, they do.
4. Do fares increase with distance? 4. That one.
Образуйте вопросы по образцу:
You cannot speak Spanish. – You can't speak Spanish, can you?
5. Your cousin lives in Munich.
6. You have not been in Moscow.
Cоставьте вопрос, на который это предложение может быть ответом:
7. Yes, there is a good library at our University.
Поставьте глагол Past Perfect, Past Simple или Past Continuous и переведите предложения:
8. My dad (to come) home by 8 o’clock.
9. When I (to ring) him up, he already (to do) his homework.
10. Suddenly I (to remember) that I (to leave) her exercise book at home.
Заполнить пропуски, поставив глагол в скобках (в будущее совершенное время):
11. The police … (arrest) the thief by the next morning.
12. The girl … (finish) his essay by three o’clock in the morning.
Задание 2.
Вставьте соответствующие предлоги:
1. Elephants are found ____ India and Africa.
2. The boat was carried _____the waves _____ the open sea.
3. There is a monument _____Pushkin in the Square _____Arts.
4. It is clear ____ me that you don't know your lesson.
He was short ____ money and lived ____ hand ____ mouth.
Переведите на русский язык предложения с фразовыми глаголами:
5. Come on, what is on your mind?
6. I will not be able to visit you tonight if something else comes up.
7. Water turns into ice at 100 C.
8. Why don’t we just put the trip off until the next month?
Поставьте в предложения подходящие фразовые глаголы с предлогом out в необходимой грамматической форме: watch – find — eat — break – make — blow – clear — go – turn — count
9. … out! The monkeys are going to attack.
10. If you go to the party tonight, ……. me out. I won’t go.
11. We couldn’t … out the meaning of her poem.
12. Mike … out a successful designer.
Задание 3.
Поставьте глагол в Present Simple или Present Continuous:
1. What your sister (to do) now?
2. There (to be) horse races and shows in Florida in July.
3. Today you (can try) a regatta, boating, playing the harp and other things.
4. Why you (speak) so loudly? You ... at a lesson
Исправьте:
5. On Fridays, I going to the restaurant. I not like cooking very much.
Составьте вопросительное предложение Past Simple из данных слов:
6. meet/ your/ boyfriend/ you/ did/ in/ Munich?
Вставьте слова will / to be going to:
7. Linda ... catch a fox in the forest.
Измените предложения, употребляя to be going to по образцу:
My intention is to watch a TV film tonight. I am going to watch a TV film tonight.
8. I want to invite Jane to our party.
Раскройте скобки:
9. My parents (to cook) dinner now.
Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание Participle I
10. The children watched the boys playing football.
Раскройте скобки, употребив Participle I. Переведите предложение
11. My task (to finish), I went to bed.
Выберите правильный вариант:
12. Jane (______) for her exam on Philosophy tomorrow evening.