Put the sentences in the order they appear in the text.

SELF-STUDY WORKBOOK

FOR

PHARMACEUTICAL STUDENTS

(EXTRAMURAL PROGRAM OF STUDIES)

Практикум для самостійної роботи з дисциплін

«Іноземна мова» та «Іноземна мова за професійним спрямуванням»

для студентів фармацевтичного факультету заочної форми навчання

___________________________________________________________________________

(курс, група)

___________________________________________________________________________

(прізвище, ім’я, по батькові)

Київ

«Книга-плюс»

CONTENTS

CHEMISTRY

Self-study section №1: “Chemistry”

Warm-up

Complete the following table by filling in transcription and translation.

Reading

Read the text.

CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is a science that studies the composition, structure, properties and change of matter which can be chemical and physical. Chemistry involves the study of chemical elements. A chemical element is a pure substance which is composed of a single type of atom, characterized by its particular number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms. Chemical elements are presented in the periodic table, which orders elements by atomic number.

There are 118 identified chemical elements, the first 94 occur naturally on Earth and the remaining 24 are synthetic elements. 80 elements have at least one stable isotope and 38 have radioactive isotopes.

Electrical forces at the atomic level create chemical bonds that join two or more atoms together, forming molecules. Some molecules consist of atoms of a single element. When atoms of two or more different elements bond together, they form a chemical compound. Compounds are formed or broken down by chemical reactions.

Chemistry comprises such fields as inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, biochemistry, colloid chemistry, analytic chemistry and others. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds. Inorganic chemistry is the study of all elements and compounds that do not contain carbon. Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms

All inorganic substances may be classified into simple which are represented with metals and non-metals and compound, which include four big classes: oxides, acids, bases and salts.

Oxides are complex substances, consisting of two elements, one of which oxygen. Carbon dioxide is a substance which forms during respiration.

Acids are complex substances, consisting of hydrogen atoms and acid radicals. Acids are sour. The most common acids are: acetic acid present in vinegar, formic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid and lactic acid. Acids turn litmus from blue to red and conduct electricity.

Bases are complex substances, in which atoms of metals are bonded with one or some hydroxyls groups. Bases are usually bitter, feel slippery, turn red litmus blue, and conduct an electric current in water solutions. Among the most important are sodium hydroxides, potassium hydroxides. Neutralization is the action between an acid and a base to form a salt and water.

Salts are complex substances, which consist of atoms of metal and acid residuals.

All biological processes occur due to the action of the main compounds studied by biochemistry: carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

Proteins are large biomolecules which consist of one or more chains of amino acids. The functions of proteins are: metabolic – they are used for metabolic processes in the body, catalysation -catalysing biochemical reactions, structural and mechanical functions provided by actin and myosin in the muscles, cell signalling, immune response and cell cycle. Proteins are classified into such groups: albumins, globulins, prolamines, nucleo-proteins, phosphoroproteins (casein in milk), albuminoids.

A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon(C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1. The functions of carbohydrates are: energy storage (glycogen and starch),structural ( the ribose is a component of RNA and ATP, and deoxyribose is a component of DNA.) The other functions are: immune response, fertilization, prevention of pathogenesis, clotting of blood, etc. The most important carbohydrates are monosaccharides(ribose, glucose, galactose), disaccharides( sucrose, maltose and lactose) and polysaccharides(cellulose, starch, glycogen and inulin).

Lipids are molecules that contain hydrocarbons such as fats, sterols and waxes, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), glycerides, phospholipids. The main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signalling and acting as structural components of cellular membranes. Lipids are used in the cosmetic and food industries. The basic lipids are represented with fats and edible oils (butter, olive oil, corn oil); phospholipids (lecithin) and sphingolipids found in various tissues of the brain and nervous system.

Put the sentences in the order they appear in the text.

• ⇐ Назад
• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 567
• 8
• 9
• 10
• 11
• 12
• 13
• 14
• 15
• 16
• Далее ⇒