Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

1. This injection is made into a body __________, as, for example, into the peritoneal or pleural cavity.

2. Lotions are used most often when the skin is __________, or "weeping," and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are dry.

3. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual locations for __________ injections.

4. This injection is made into the sheath of mem­branes (__________) which surround the spinal cord and brain.

5. The effects of the drug so administered are usually limited to the central nervous system, and intrathecal injections are often used to __________ anesthesia.

6. Topical __________ may also include administration of drugs into the eyes, ears, nose, and vagi­na.

7. __________ can beadministered by inhalation.

8. It is used chiefly in skin testing for __________ reactions

9. Good technical __________ is needed in administering this injection as leakage of drugs into sur­rounding tissues may result in damage to tissues.

10. When drugs are irritating to the skin or when a large __________ of a long-acting drug is to be given, intramuscular injections are ad­visable.

6. Are these statements true (T), false (F)? Write true sentences.

1. The route of administration of a drug is very important in determining the rate and completeness of its absorp­tion into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's action in the body. (T/F)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

2. When an intradermal injection is given properly short needles are used and an elevation does not appear on the skin. (T/F)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3. Lotions are used most often when the skin is dry, or "weeping," and ointments and creams are used when the lesions are moist. (T/F)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

4. Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the blood­stream through the intestinal wall. (T/F)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5. Intramuscularinjection is given into the muscle, sometimes into the buttocks. (T/F)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

6. Intrathecal injection is made into the sheath of mem­branes (meninges) which surround the spinal cord and brain.(T/F)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

7. Drugs can’t be given when oral administration presents difficulties, such as when the patient is nau­seated and vomiting. (T/F).

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

8. Oral administration is quicker than other methods of drug administration. (T/F)

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

Speaking

Read the text again. Answer these questions.

1. What ways are drugs usually administered?

____________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. What does the way of drug administration depend on?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

3. When is the sublingual way indicated?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

4. What types of parenteral injections are the most frequently used in medicine?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

5. What factors predetermine a choice of the type of a parenteral injection?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

6. When must the rectal administration be prescribed?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

7. What way is a nitroglycerin tablet taken?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

8. When should a physician prescribe the topical application of drugs?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

9. What way of drug administration, oral or rectal, provides slower action of a medication?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

10. What conditions can be relieved by inhalation?

____________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

8. What facts can you present to your group about:

ways of drug administration, oral administration, sublingual way, ointments, inhalation, nitroglycerin, intrathecal injection, intramuscularinjection, intradermal injection, external application?

Date _______________________ Signature _____________________

Self-study section №4: “Chemist’s shop”

Warm-up

Complete the following table by filling in transcription and translation.

Reading

Read the text.

CHEMIST’S SHOP

Chemist's shop is an institution of health service which supplies the population with medicines and medical things. They are differentiated into municipal, public and private ones. It is a place where a wide variety of articles is sold and prescription can be made. Drugs are composed, dispensed, stored and sold there. Chemist's shops carry out both retail and wholesale selling of medicine and preparation of drugs. An ordinary chemist's shop has a chemist's department, a prescription one, proper working rooms and a hall for visitors.

At the chemist's shop remedies are kept in drug cabinets, open shelves and refrigerators. All containers of dispensed medicines should be clearly labeled with the following particulars: name of the patient, name of the medi­cine, correct dosage instructions, date of dispensing, expiry date, warnings or contradictions, name and address of the pharmacy. The single dose and the total dosage are indicated on the label. Poisonous, drastic, narcotic and psychotro­pic drugs are sold by prescription only. At the chemist's department one can buy drugs ready to use, dif­ferent things for medical care (hot water bottles, medicine droppers, mustard plasters, cupping glasses, thermometers, drugs for cough and headache, cardiac medicines) and medi­cal herbs.

The pharmacist should instruct the patient about the dangers of overdosage; the problems resulting from an inadequate dosage; the expected side effects of the drug; the proper storage of the drug, etc. If the patient is not under care of a physician, the pharmacist should advise the patient about the dangers of taking drugs for longer periods. The patient should be warned about the danger of letting other members of the family use his prescribed medications.

Some drugs need to be prescribed by a doctor. A complete prescription is made up of six essential parts: the pa­tient's name, the superscription, the inscription, the subscription, the signature and the prescriber's name. The superscription is the tradi­tional symbol Rx, which always appears at the beginning of the pre­scription. (It represents the contraction of the Latin verb "recipe", i. e. to take). The inscription is the body of the prescription. This con­tains the ingredients and their quantities. In the complex prescrip­tion containing multiple ingredients, the inscription may consist of three parts: medication, adjuvant and vehicle. The subscription always follows the inscription and contains the doctor's instructions to the pharmacist. This designates the form of preparation (mixture, tablets, ointment, etc.), and the quantity of total number. The signature consists of the di­rections to be given to the patient. This information is intended to be placed on the label of the container in which the medication is dis­pensed. The prescriber's name is the part of the prescription that guarantees its authenticity.

The realization of medicines is promoted by presenting the license given by the State Department of Quality and Safety Control and Production of Medicines and Medical Articles.

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