Higher Education in the United States
There is no national system of higher education in the United States. Basically, American higher education developed its own pattern by the adaptation of two traditions: the collegiate tradition of England and the university tradition of the continent.
In the USA there is no consistent distinction between the terms “college” and “university”. The general tendency, however, is to call a college a higher educational institution offering courses of instruction leading to the Bachelor’s degree; a university is a college or a group of colleges or departments offering courses of institution leading not only to the Bachelor’s degree but also to the Master’s and the Doctoral degrees.
There are two types of universities and colleges in the United States -private and public (state). High quality institutions are found equally among public and private universities. The principal difference is funding.
State universities fall into two categories: Research universities and Land Grant and Sea Grant universities. State Research Universities in addition to offering undergraduate education stress research as well as teaching. Land Grant and Sea Grant Universities provide a broad general education in many fields and emphasize the application of knowledge in such fields as agriculture and engineering.
The cost of going to the University in the USA is at least several thousand dollars a year and can exceed $ 20.000 a year at many private colleges and universities, and amounts to $2.000-10.000 at state schools. But it is an investment that will reward you all of your life.
Admission to colleges and universities is based on several criteria, including the results of the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). It is an examination in school subjects that high school students must take before they can go to college or university. SAT results tell only the part of the story. Most schools will also ask for personal information; a transcript of high school grades; a Standardized Freshman Application Form; teachers’ recommendations; essays in various topics.
The admission process is complex, no single factor carries overwhelming weight and the final decision is based on many factors, both academic and non-academic. The three basic requirements for admission to educational institution in the US are: a strong academic background, adequate financial resources and a command of the English language.
A Bachelor’s degree program lasts four years. Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. A freshman is a first-year student, a sophomore – a second-year student, a junior – a third-year student, and a senior – a forth-year student. A student working toward a Bachelor’s degree (BA or BS) is called an undergraduate; one working toward a Master’s (MA or MS) or Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD) is called a graduate student. Some students receive scholarships that pay all or part of their tuition. A person on such a fellowship is called a university fellow.
The first two years are mainly devoted to general education. The program includes broad survey courses for general knowledge from which the student can go on to a specialized interest in the junior year. This interest is usually termed a “major” or a “field of concentration”. A second field of interest, in which one takes almost as many courses, is often called a “minor”.
The American academic year usually runs from the middle of August to the beginning of May or June. Most schools divide the academic year into 3 terms or 2 semesters (Fall and Spring semesters). Achievement is measured by grades which are given on papers and tests during the course of the semester and a final examination at the end of the term. The final grade is based on all the work done for the course.
A grade point average (GPA) is determined at the end of a term to show the student’s overall achievement. College grades, determined by each instructor on the basis of class work and examinations, are usually on a four-point scale, with letters to indicate the level of achievement. “A” is the highest mark, followed by “B”, “C”, “D”, “F”, the last one denotes a failure. This system is unlike that of most European countries.
Higher education institutions are governed usually by a board of regents or a board of trustees.
(Adapted from the Internet sites)
3.2 What new facts about American Universities have you learnt from the text?
Comprehension check
4.1 Answer the following questions:
1. What is the pattern of higher education in the USA?
2. What is the difference between a college and a university?
3. What difference can be found between private and public universities?
4. What are the entry requirements at institutions of higher education in the USA? Are they complex?
5. Does the cost of study vary among higher educational institutions?
6. What are the highest degree titles at American Universities?
7. What is the student’s major? Minor?
8. When does the American academic year start? How long does it last?
9. How is the student’s progress evaluated? What is a grade point average?
10. Who runs the educational institutions in the USA?
4.2 Agree or disagree with the following statements:
1. American higher education system is unique.
2. Practically there is no difference between the terms “college” and “university”.
3. Both Land Grant and Sea Grant universities concentrate on research as well as teaching.
4. Studying at American educational institutions is free.
5. Only SAT results are required for admission.
6. The program for obtaining Bachelor’s degree lasts more than 4 years.
7. Examinations are usually held in writing.
8. The system of assessment is similar to that in most European countries.
Vocabulary
5.1 Give English equivalents of the following words and word combinations:
четкое различие; уделять внимание как обучению, так и исследовательской работе; государственные и частные университеты; зачисление; копия аттестата; стандартный бланк заявления; хорошая учебная подготовка; владение английским языком; программа обучения для получения степени бакалавра; ученая степень магистра; главная специализация; дополнительная (вторичная) специализация.
5.2 Match words in the left column with their definitions:
| 1. Degree | a) A person who has completed a four-year-course of study at a higher school, and now attends a college or University, but hasn’t yet received a degree. |
| 2. Graduate | b) The subject or area of studies in which students concentrate. |
| 3. Full-time student | c) One who is enrolled in an institution and is taking a full load of courses. |
| 4. Major | d) A student who has completed a course of study either at the higher school or college level. |
| 5. Junior | e) A third-year-student at a higher school. |
| 6. Master’s degree | f) Diploma or title conferred by a college, university or professional school upon completion of a prescribed program of studies. |
| 7. Sophomore | g) A second-year-student at a higher school, colleges, university. |
| 8. Undergraduate | h) Degree conferred by an institution of higher learning after students complete academic requirements which usually include a minimum of one-year study beyond the Bachelor’s degree. |
5.3 Complete the sentences:
1. The pattern of American Higher Education system was developed by …
2. There are two types of universities and colleges in the United States: …
3. Admission to the university is based on …
4. The academic year is divided into …
5. A Bachelor’s degree program lasts …
6. The first two years are devoted to …
7. Achievement is measured by …
8. Higher Educational institutions are governed by …
Supplementary reading
6.1. Read the text to know more about Private and State Colleges and Universities.