Определите, какое утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
| A major problem of planned economies is inability to predict consumers’ demand. | ||
| Out of date and unattractive products are usually underproduced. | |||
| All countries with planned economies have the same system. | |||
| Industries of planned economies can produce the goods and services they want. |
ЗАДАНИЕ N 26 сообщить об ошибке
Тема: Изучающее чтение с элементами аннотирования
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planned Economies
1. Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it ownsfactories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
2. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.
3. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.
4. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced.
Завершите утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
In planned economies industries …
|
| meet a production target | ||
| consider people’s demands | |||
| decide what to produce | |||
| own natural recourses |
Решение:
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации и, прочитав текст, завершить утверждение согласно содержанию текста.
Утверждение «In planned economies industries…» («При плановой экономике промышленные предприятия…») следует закончить вариантом ответа «meet a production target» («выполняют производственную задачу»), так как именно это утверждение соответствует содержанию текста.
Согласно тексту: «…industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet» («…работа промышленных предприятий должна соответствовать этим планам, и каждое предприятие и завод получает производственное задание, которое надо выполнить») (фрагмент 3).
ЗАДАНИЕ N 27 сообщить об ошибке
Тема: Изучающее чтение с элементами анализа информации
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planned Economies
1. Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it ownsfactories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
2. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.
3. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.
4. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced.
Ответьте на вопрос:
What causes delays and queues for some products?
|
| Underproduction of some goods does. | ||
| Overproduction of some goods does. | |||
| Cosumers’ demands do. | |||
| Cosumers’ decisions do. |
Решение:
Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание, следует знать алгоритм обработки текстовой информации при изучающем чтении, уметь анализировать получаемую информацию и, читая текст, находить ответ на поставленный вопрос.
Правильный ответ на вопрос «Что вызывает перебои с товарами и очереди?» – «Underproduction of some goods does» («Недостаточное производство товаров»), так как, согласно тексту: «Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products» («Плановики боятся производить продукцию до тех пор, пока она не будут уверены, что будет продано значительное количество товаров») (фрагмент 2).
ЗАДАНИЕ N 28 сообщить об ошибке
Тема: Изучающее чтение с выделением главных компонентов содержания текста
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания.
Planned Economies
1. Planned economies are sometimes called «command economies» because the state commands the use of resources that are used to produce goods and services as it ownsfactories, land and natural resources. Planned economies are economies with a large amount of central planning and direction, when the government takes all the decisions; the government decides production and consumption. Planning of this kind is obviously very difficult and the result is that there is no society, which is completely a command economy. The actual system employed varies from state to state, but command or planned economies have a number of common features.
2. Firstly, the state decides precisely what the nation is to produce. It usually plans five years ahead. It is the intention of the planners that there should be enough goods and services for all. Planners are afraid to produce goods and services unless they are sure substantial amounts will be purchased. This leads to delays and queues for some products.
3. Secondly, industries are asked to comply with these plans and each industry and factory is set a production target to meet. If each factory and farm meets its target, then the state will meet its targets as set out in the five-year plans. You could think of the factory and farm targets to be objectives, which, if met, allow the nation's overall aim to be reached.
4. A major problem faced by command or planned economies is that of deciding what to produce. Command economies tend to be slow when responding to changes in people's tastes and fashions. Planners are likely to underproduce some items as they cannot predict changes in demand. Equally, some products, which consumers regard as obsolete and unattractive, may be overproduced.